During exercise, skeletal muscle capillaries dilate in order to

• Increase their surface area to enable greater diffusion to occur

• Decrease the removal of metabolic by-products

• Decrease the use of intramuscular substrates

• Increase ventilation and stroke volume

During exercise, an individual's heart rate and the force of their heart's contractions are increased. As a result, there is:

• no change in systolic blood pressure

• a decrease in systolic blood pressure

• an increase in systolic blood pressure

• a large decrease in diastolic blood pressure

The estimated maximum heart rate of a 50-year-old athlete would be:

• 150 bpm

• 170 bpm

• 190 bpm

• 220 bpm

During exercise, blood flow is redirected to the working muscles. A direct result of this is:

• An increase in oxygen to the working muscles

• A decrease in the a-VO2 difference

• Vasoconstriction of coronary arteries

• An increase in blood volume

Acute responses to exercise include:

• A decrease in blood volume, increase in oxygen consumption and increase in intramuscular energy substrates

• A decrease in oxygen consumption, decrease in blood volume and decrease in intramuscular energy substrates

• An increase in the a-VO2 diff, increase in oxygen consumption and increase in blood flow to working muscles

• An increase in oxygen consumption, decrease in intramuscular energy substrates and increase in blood volume

Following two minutes of high-intensity activity, which of the following conditions would exist in the exercising muscle?

• Some reduction in glycogen stores and build up of lactic acid

• Reduced lactic acid and the same amount of glycogen as prior to the exercise

• Little lactic acid and a substantial amount of glycogen

• No glycogen and much lactic acid

An increase in cardiac output from rest to steady state is associated with:

• An increase in stroke volume and an increase in heart rate

• An increase in stroke volume and an decrease in heart rate

• A decrease in stroke volume and an increase in heart rate

• A decrease in stroke volume and an decrease in heart rate

Which two major muscles are used to enlarge the thoracic cavity during inspiration?

• Pectorals and abdominals

• Pectorals and the diaphragm

• Intercostals and the diaphragm

• Intercostals and pectorals

Blood flow must be increased during exercise to allow the working muscles to receive larger quantities of oxygen. This is achieved by:

• The red blood cells increasing their rate of haemoglobin production to allow for more oxygen to be carried through the blood to the muscles.

• Redistributing some of the blood flow from the skin to the muscles

• Redistributing some of the blood flow from non-essential organ function to the muscles

• Decreasing the stroke volume of the heart

Which of the following is NOT an acute respiratory response to exercise?

• Increased stroke volume

• Increased arteriovenous oxygen difference

• Decreased pulmonary diffusion

• Increased tidal volume