Studied the facial features of criminals to determine whether the shape of ears, nose, and eyes and the distance between them were associated with antisocial behavior.

Studied the shape of the skull and bumps on the head to determine whether these physical attributes were linked to criminal behavior.

Modification of the free will doctrine by a stating that certain factors affect the free will of men and they may either reduce or totally remove accountability on the part of the person who committed the crime.

It is a philosophy which argues that what is right is the one that would cause the greatest good for the greatest number of people.

People who violated social norms or religious practices were believed to be witches or possessed by demons.

They argued for a more rational approach to punishment, stressing that the relationship between crimes and their punishment should be balanced and fair.

He was the proponent of the freewill theory.

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He called for fair and certain punishment to deter crime.

It refers to it as the greatest happiness principle, or the principle of utility.

According to him, legislators should enact laws that people and punishments which measure the pleasures and pains.