AP Psych Unit 5: Learning

The process of reinforcing successive closer approximations to a desired behavior is calle

• generalization.

• intermittent reinforcement.

• shaping.

• secondary reinforcement.

• modeling.

After learning to fear a white rat, Little Albert responded with fear to the sight of a rabbit. This best illustrates the process of

• secondary reinforcement.

• generalization.

• shaping.

• latent learning.

• spontaneous recovery.

It's easier to train a pigeon to peck a disk for a food reward than to flap its wing for a food reward. This illustrates the importance of _________ in learning.

• shaping

• biological predispositions

• generalization

• primary reinforcers

• spontaneous recovery

Cats received a fish reward whenever they maneuvered themselves out of an enclosed puzzle box. With successive trials, the cats escaped from the box with increasing speed. This illustrates

• the law of effect.

• spontaneous recovery.

• latent learning.

• intermittent reinforcement.

• respondent behavior.

When 6-year old David hit his brother, his mom placed him in a time-out by having him stand in a corner for 6 minutes. A time-out is considered to be

• negative punishment.

• positive punishment.

• negative reinforcement.

• continuous reinforcement.

• positive reinforcement.

Both classical and operant conditioning are forms of

• latent learning.

• associative learning.

• respondent behavior.

• observational learning.

• intrinsic motivation.

We find it harder to frown when viewing a smile than when viewing a frown. This can most clearly be attributed to

• partial reinforcement.

• spontaneous recovery.

• mirror neurons.

• cognitive maps.

• positive reinforcement.

Which of the following is the best example of a conditioned reinforcer?

• a cold root beer for mowing the lawn on a hot day

• pudding for eating all of your peas at supper

• termination of shock after removing one's finger from a live electric ire

• a spanking for eating cookies before dinner

• applause for an excellent piano recital

Associating a conditioned stimulus with a new neutral stimulus can create a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus. This best illustrates

• shaping.

• spontaneous recovery.

• intermittent reinforcement.

• higher-order conditioning.

• positive reinforcement.

Mason, a stockbroker, runs two miles every day after work because it reduces his level of stress. Mason's running habit is maintained by a(n) ________ reinforcer.

• intermittent

• positive

• negative

• conditioned

• partial