Passage: Phineas Gage: A Gruesome but True Story About Brain Science Which sentence states a conclusion the Whole Brainers draw from the case of Phineas Gage? Hint: Pay attention to the transition words used here.

D. “Therefore, say the Whole Brainers, the whole brain must be able to perform any function of one part.” (23)

A. They conclude that, “Unfortunately, the Whole Brainers have no hard evidence for their theory” (19).

B. They conclude that a “weak electrical current applied to the exposed brain of a laboratory animal will make certain muscles twitch involuntarily and certain senses sharpen or go dead” (21).

C. They conclude that, “If you have a weak organ, it will be small and you’ll have a dip or depression in your skull” (22).

Passage: Phineas Gage: A Gruesome but True Story About Brain Science Paragraph 18 says, “One group thinks the brain is a ‘whole intelligence,’ that is, that your brain is one interconnected ‘mind.’ Let’s call them the ‘Whole Brainers.’” According to the text, how would Whole Brainers explain how the brain is structured?

A. The brain is one “whole intelligence” and any part of the brain can give instruction or thought.

B. The brain is divided into a group of organs, each of which has a specific function.

C. The brain is divided into specific areas, many of which interact with each other to control specific functions.

"His opponents believe in “localized function”; that is, they believe that the brain is divided into specific areas that control specific things. Let’s call them the “Localizers.” They are followers of the Austrian Dr. Gall, who started the brain revolution by declaring that the brain was the seat of intelligence, emotions, and will. Dr. Gall called his brain science “phrenology” (a made-up Greek word). By any name, the Localizers, or Phrenologists, believe that “organs” inside the brain control specific functions. They draw up a model Phrenological Head to show the “organs” in their correct positions. The “Organ of Veneration [respect]” and the “Organ of Benevolence [kindness],” for example, are supposed to be just above the left eyebrow. (Remember where Phineas was hit by the iron? Stay tuned.) Unfortunately, the Phrenologists have no way of knowing which part of the brain controls what. “Benevolence” cannot be seen on the outside of the brain (paragraph 20)." Which sentence from paragraph 20 (above) BEST summarizes the Localizers’ belief about how the brain is structured?

C. “By any name, the Localizers, or Phrenologists, believe that ‘organs’ inside the brain control specific functions.”

A. “They are followers of the Austrian Dr. Gall, who started the brain revolution by declaring that the brain was the seat of intelligence, emotions, and will.”

B. “Dr. Gall called his brain science ‘phrenology’ (a made-up Greek word).”

D. “Unfortunately, the Phrenologists have no way of knowing which part of the brain controls what.”

"His opponents believe in “localized function”; that is, they believe that the brain is divided into specific areas that control specific things. Let’s call them the “Localizers.” They are followers of the Austrian Dr. Gall, who started the brain revolution by declaring that the brain was the seat of intelligence, emotions, and will. Dr. Gall called his brain science “phrenology” (a made-up Greek word). By any name, the Localizers, or Phrenologists, believe that “organs” inside the brain control specific functions. They draw up a model Phrenological Head to show the “organs” in their correct positions. The “Organ of Veneration [respect]” and the “Organ of Benevolence [kindness],” for example, are supposed to be just above the left eyebrow. (Remember where Phineas was hit by the iron? Stay tuned.) Unfortunately, the Phrenologists have no way of knowing which part of the brain controls what. “Benevolence” cannot be seen on the outside of the brain (paragraph 20)." Which sentence from paragraph 20 (above) BEST shows how the Localizers’ research was limited by a lack of technology?

D. “Unfortunately, the Phrenologists have no way of knowing which part of the brain controls what.”

A. “They are followers of the Austrian Dr. Gall, who started the brain revolution by declaring that the brain was the seat of intelligence, emotions, and will.”

B. “Dr. Gall called his brain science ‘phrenology’ (a made-up Greek word).”

C. “By any name, the Localizers, or Phrenologists, believe that ‘organs’ inside the brain control specific functions.”

Passage: Phineas Gage: A Gruesome but True Story About Brain Science Reread the first six sentences from paragraph 22: “Back in 1850, the Localizers/Phrenologists haven’t seen a single thought or brainwave. Still, that doesn’t stop them from identifying thirtyseven ‘organs’ of the brain. How do they do it? Bumps. That’s right. Bumps on the head.” The author’s words and phrases imply that he. . .

C. is amused by the Phrenologists’ belief in the science of bumps on the head.

A. admires the Phrenologists’ determination to prove their theory.

B. prefers the Phrenologists’ theory to the Whole Brainers’ theory.

D. considers his subject matter too serious for joking.

"On the other side, Dr. Harlow is a Localizer, or at least he is a friend of some leading Localizers/Phrenologists. The Localizers say Phineas proves their theory. The tamping iron has not killed him because the damage is limited to specific organs that are not critical to life. Yet the Localizers/Phrenologists don’t have all the facts. In 1850, when Phineas comes to Boston, Dr. Harlow feels he must keep the details of his patient’s personality problems confidential, but he does tell some of the truth to Dr. Nelson Sizer. Dr. Sizer is a big man in phrenology and lectures on it all over New England. Dr. Harlow leaks the information to Dr. Sizer that the “completely recovered” Phineas is not the old Phineas. Dr. Sizer tries to disguise the source of his report to the American Phrenological Journal in 1851, writing, “We have been informed by the best authority that after the man recovered, and while recovering, he was grossly profane, coarse, and vulgar, to such a degree that his society was intolerable to decent people” (24). Which TWO details from paragraph 24 provide the best evidence for the Localizers’ theory that specific “‘organs’ inside the brain control specific functions” (20)? Choose two of the sentences below.

B. “The tamping iron has not killed him because the damage is limited to specific organs that are not critical to life.”

D. “Dr. Harlow leaks the information to Dr. Sizer that the “completely recovered” Phineas is not the old Phineas.”

A. “On the other side, Dr. Harlow is a Localizer, or at least he is a friend of some leading Localizers/ Phrenologists.”

C. “Dr. Sizer is a big man in phrenology and lectures on it all over New England.”

Localizers/phrenologists believe that your brain is split into sections, each having individual jobs. In Paragraph 25, the author states, “Dr. Sizer’s report is wonderful news for the Localizers/ Phrenologists” (25). The word “wonderful” implies that the Localizers were happy because

A. the change in Phineas’s personality proved that an injury to a specific part of the brain only affects a specific function of the brain.

B. the change in Phineas’s personality proved that an injury to a specific part of the brain affects all of its functions.

Paragraphs 18–27 explain the opposing views of the Whole Brainers and the Localizers/Phrenologists, and what modern scientists have learned about how the brain really functions. With that knowledge, which THREE sentences should be included in a summary of paragraphs 18–27?

B. “One group thinks the brain is a ‘whole intelligence,’ that is, that your brain is one interconnected ‘mind.’” (18)

C. “His opponents believe in ‘localized function’; that is, they believe that the brain is divided into specific areas that control specific things.” (20)

E. “The human brain, it turns out, is both localized and interconnected.” (27)

A. “His injury is not at the back of his head in the cerebellum or at the bottom of the brain near the brain stem.” (18)

D. “Dr. Sizer tries to disguise the source of his report to the American Phrenological Journal in 1851, writing, ‘We have been informed by the best authority that after the man recovered, and while recovering, he was grossly profane, coarse, and vulgar, to such a degree that his society was intolerable to decent people.’” (24)

Which sentence from the text provides the BEST evidence that Phineas’s behavior changed after his accident?

D. “’We have been informed by the best authority that after the man recovered, and while recovering, he was grossly profane, coarse, and vulgar, to such a degree that his society was intolerable to decent people.’” (24)

A. “Yet here is Phineas alive in Boston, walking, talking, and taking care of himself.” (23)

B. “Yet the Localizers/Phrenologists don’t have all the facts.” (24)

C. “Dr. Harlow leaks the information to Dr. Sizer that the ‘completely recovered’ Phineas is not the old Phineas.” (24)

In “What We Thought About How We Thought,” from Phineas Gage: A Gruesome but True Story About Brain Science, the author (John Fleischman) wrote the following: “He was struck through the forehead, and the iron must have pierced the frontal lobe of the cortex.” (18) “Dr. Harlow leaks the information to Dr. Sizer that the “completely recovered” Phineas is not the old Phineas. Dr. Sizer tries to disguise the source of his report to the American Phrenological Journal in 1851, writing, “We have been informed by the best authority that after the man recovered, and while recovering, he was grossly profane, coarse, and vulgar, to such a degree that his society was intolerable to decent people.” (24) Which line from Inventing Ourselves BEST explains why Phineas’s behavior was more like an adolescent than an adult?

C. “In contrast, the theory suggests, adults are better at regulating behavior and stopping themselves taking dangerous risks, even when the risks are exciting and potentially rewarding, because of their mature prefrontal cortex.” (8)

Passage: Phineas Gage: A Gruesome but True Story About Brain Science In paragraphs 20 and 22, the author discusses the Localizers’ beliefs. In paragraph 21, the author discusses technologies that would allow later brain researchers to get a better visual understanding of what happens in the brain. Why does the author include paragraph 21 between paragraphs 20 and 22? Select the one correct reason.

A. To support the claim that Phrenologists in 1850 “have no way of knowing which part of the brain controls what” (20)

B. To explain how the technology used by Phrenologists in 1850 worked

C. To explain what Phrenologists believed the bumps on a person’s skull reveal about his or her brain

Passage: Phineas Gage: A Gruesome but True Story About Brain Science Which quote best supports the theory of whole brainers: The brain is one “whole intelligence” and any part of the brain can give instruction or thought.?

A. “Whole Brainers believe that thoughts and commands can originate anywhere in the brain jelly/cloud and flash into action.” (18)

B. “His opponents believe in ‘localized function’; that is, they believe that the brain is divided into specific areas that control specific things.” (20)

C. “The 10 billion neurons in your brain are not connected at random.” (26)

Retake: Amplify 7C Assessment

Authored by Stacy Marmon

English

7th - 8th Grade

CCSS covered

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20 questions

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MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

5 mins • 1 pt

"Laurence Steinberg has carried out many studies on risk-taking in this age group. In his excellent book Age of opportunity, Steinberg describes his compelling research on adolescence and his work with young people being prosecuted for dangerous decisions they have made, such as driving risks that have gone wrong. He argues that brain development, and the fact that risk-taking is a natural part of adolescent development, must be taken into account when considering whether an adolescent is guilty of a crime or not" (paragraph 6).
Review paragraph 6 above. Which statement BEST summarizes the paragraph without personal opinions or judgments?

a. Steinberg has carried out more studies on adolescence than Blakemore, the author of this book.

b. Steinberg’s findings on adolescent behavior are the most compelling findings that have been published in recent years.

c. Steinberg, a researcher who has studied risk-taking in adolescents, is trying to convince the public that adolescents should not be prosecuted for breaking the law.

d. Steinberg, a researcher who has studied risk-taking in adolescents, argues that brain development should be considered when young people are accused of crimes.

Tags

CCSS.RI.7.2

CCSS.RI.8.2

CCSS.RL.7.2

CCSS.RL.8.2

CCSS.RL.9-10.2

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

5 mins • 1 pt

In paragraph 7, the author refers to the brain’s limbic system generating “...the rewarding feeling— the kick—elicited by taking risks.” Later, when the author states that “adolescents get a kick out of taking risks” (8), he means that these risks result in __________.

A. a serious punishment

B. a physical pain

C. a positive emotion

D. a financial boost

Tags

CCSS.RI.7.4

CCSS.RI.8.4

CCSS.RL.7.4

CCSS.RL.8.4

CCSS.RL.6.4

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

5 mins • 1 pt

“The core idea is that, in young adolescents, the limbic system is already mature and particularly sensitive to the rewarding feeling that risk-taking sometimes elicits. At the same time, the prefrontal cortex—which stops us acting on impulse and inhibits risk-taking—is not yet mature, and will continue developing throughout adolescence and early adulthood. (7) The theory suggests that this results in a ‘developmental mismatch’ between the maturity and functioning of these two brain systems, and this in turn explains why adolescents get a kick out of taking risks (a function of the limbic system) and aren’t always able to stop themselves doing so in the heat of the moment (a skill that relies on the prefrontal cortex).” (8)
According to the text above, which BEST represents the relationship between the limbic system and the prefrontal cortex in adolescence, according to Steinberg and Casey?

A. The mature limbic system usually has greater influence than the less-developed prefrontal cortex.

B. Both systems reward risk-taking, but one does so much more strongly

C. The prefrontal cortex often causes risk-taking behavior, but the limbic system rewards it.

D. One system has started to function by this stage, but the other has not.

Tags

CCSS.RI.7.2

CCSS.RI.8.2

CCSS.RL.7.2

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CCSS.RI.6.2

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

5 mins • 1 pt

In paragraph 8, the author writes, “The theory suggests that this results in a ‘developmental mismatch’ between the maturity and functioning of these two brain systems, and this in turn explains why adolescents get a kick out of taking risks (a function of the limbic system) and aren’t always able to stop themselves doing so in the heat of the moment (a skill that relies on the prefrontal cortex).” Which of the following examples BEST demonstrates the meaning of someone not being able to stop themselves from doing something in the heat of the moment?

A. A shopper deciding to purchase one gift item instead of another

B. A driver in a car with faulty brakes speeding out of control down a hill

C. A person saying something they will later regret during an argument

D. A boss firing an employee who was caught stealing from the business

Tags

CCSS.RI.7.4

CCSS.RI.8.4

CCSS.RL.7.4

CCSS.RL.8.4

CCSS.RL.9-10.4

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

5 mins • 1 pt

Select the paragraph in which readers will find out why the author’s team performed their 2014 analysis on the question of adolescent brain development.

A. Paragraph 7: In the late 2000s, Steinberg, along with other researchers including B.J. Casey, proposed a theory to explain why risk-taking peaks in adolescence. Both Steinberg’s and Casey’s theories involve the brain’s limbic system, which (among other processes) generates the rewarding feeling—the kick— elicited by taking risks. The core idea is that, in young adolescents, the limbic system is already mature and particularly sensitive to the rewarding feeling that risk-taking sometimes elicits. At the same time, the prefrontal cortex— which stops us acting on impulse and inhibits risk-taking—is not yet mature, and will continue developing throughout adolescence and early adulthood.

B. Paragraph 9: These theories are based on the assumption that the brain’s reward and emotion systems mature earlier in adolescence than the prefrontal cortex control system. What is the evidence for this? Until recently there wasn’t much. So in 2014 Kate Mills, Anne-Lise Goddings and I carried out an analysis in collaboration with Jay Giedd from the National Institute of Health in Bethesda to look at the question in a bit more detail.

Tags

CCSS.RI.7.2

CCSS.RI.8.2

CCSS.RL.7.2

CCSS.RL.8.2

CCSS.RL.9-10.2

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

5 mins • 1 pt

"We were interested in whether the limbic regions—specifically the nucleus accumbens, which processes reward, and the amygdala, which processes emotion—reach maturity earlier than the prefrontal cortex. We analyzed each of these regions in terms of the amount of grey matter it contained. In our study, a brain region was defined as ‘mature’ when its grey matter volume appeared to have stopped changing."
Paragraph 12 (above) states that the author’s team decided the sign of a mature brain region was that it had ceased ________.

A. growing

B. changing

C. aging

D. reacting

Tags

CCSS.RI.7.4

CCSS.RI.8.4

CCSS.RL.7.4

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MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

5 mins • 1 pt

"We were interested in whether the limbic regions—specifically the nucleus accumbens, which processes reward, and the amygdala, which processes emotion—reach maturity earlier than the prefrontal cortex. We analyzed each of these regions in terms of the amount of grey matter it contained. In our study, a brain region was defined as ‘mature’ when its grey matter volume appeared to have stopped changing" (12).
What is the paragraph above describing?

A. It explains how the author’s team determined which groups of participant brain scans were usable in the study.

B. It explains how the author’s team checked each participant’s brain scan for image quality.

C. It explains that the author’s team examined the volume of gray matter in each brain region.

Tags

CCSS.RI.7.5

CCSS.RI.8.5

CCSS.RI.6.3

CCSS.RI.7.3

CCSS.RI.8.3

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