Mid Year

Cells are classified as either prokaryotic or eukaryotic according to differences in their structure. However, these cells also share several traits. Which of the following may be found in all prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

• nucleus

• cell wall

• chloroplast

• plasma membrane

The diagram above shows two kinds of cells.

A biologist wants to classify protein secretions into groups based on the principal function of the protein. Which cell would the biologist select to study and why?

• The cell on the left, because it has genetic information organized into chromosomes.

• The cell on the left, because it has organelles that secrete proteins.

• The cell on the right, because it has free proteins throughout its cytoplasm.

• The cell on the right, because it has a flagellum that enables movement.

The leaf cells of green plants usually contain chloroplasts. The root cells of green plants do not usually contain these structures, or contain fewer of them. Which statement best explains why?

• Root cells eject organelles to make space for water and nutrients to pass through the roots.

• Root cells are simpler and do not need energy to perform their specialized functions.

• Leaf cells are large enough to contain chloroplasts, but root cells are not.

• Leaf cells are the primary site for light-dependent chemical reactions.

Tags

NGSS.HS-LS1-5

Eliza wants to increase the yield of her herb garden. A friend suggests that Eliza pinch off the tops of the plants as they grow.

Which fact about the apical meristem makes this a good suggestion?

• Enzymes in the apical meristem carry out DNA replication.

• Photosynthesis takes place in the chloroplasts of green plant cells.

• Auxins produced in the apical meristem inhibit the growth of lateral buds.

• The apical meristem uses adenosine triphosphate (ATP) as its energy source.

What could happen if two of the base pairs on this strand of DNA were switched?

• A different protein would be made.

• The strand would not be replicated.

• Transcription would stop at that point.

• The rest of the DNA strand would detach and unravel.

Tags

NGSS.HS-LS1-1

NGSS.HS-LS3-2

To demonstrate DNA replication, Doug draws a model on construction paper. In order to show replication, Doug should carry out which of the following steps first?

• Fold the model in half lengthwise.

• Cut the nitrogenous base pairs where they meet.

• Draw a second, identical model of a DNA molecule.

• Separate the nitrogenous base pairs from the sugar phosphate backbone.

Amino acids have similar structures. What part of an amino acid’s molecular formula distinguishes the macromolecule from other amino acids?

• the R-group

• the amino group

• the carboxyl group

• the nitrogenous base

Look at the diagram. They show steps in the sequence of replication. The steps of this sequence happen in what order?

• 4, 1, 2, 3

• 4, 2, 3, 1

• 4, 3, 2, 1

• 4, 1, 3, 2

Which base sequence of a DNA molecule produces a codon on an mRNA molecule that will allow the amino acid valine to be incorporated into a protein?

• T-G-G

• G-A-T

• C-G-A

• C-A-A

Tags

NGSS.HS-LS1-1

Jennie is conducting an investigation in which she observes how water moves through a celery stalk. She adds red food coloring to a beaker of water and observes the celery after twenty minutes. The part of the stalk above the waterline is noticeably redder than it was before Jennie added the food coloring. What property of water is most directly responsible for Jennie’s observations?

• cohesive behavior

• versatility as a solvent

• expansion upon freezing

• ability to moderate temperature

Tags

NGSS.HS-ESS2-5