Which is NOT an example of how antimicrobials have been used historically?

• Beer was made by fermenting a tetracycline-producing bacteria.

• Indian and Chinese herbalist used plants with antibiotic properties.

• Many cultures have taken advantage of antimicrobial properties of fungi.

• Ancient Greeks isolated penicillin from a mold to treat wounds.

What disease was the first to be cured using a systemically identified chemical agent called Compound 606?

• influenza

• syphilis

• tuberculosis

• pneumonia

What was the first natural antibiotic discovered by Alexander Fleming?

• rifampin

• tetracycline

• penicillin

• ampicillin

Which is NOT one of the natural antibiotics isolated from soil by Selman Waksman?

• actinomycin

• streptomycin

• amoxicillin

• neomycin

What was the first synthetic antibiotic, which was developed by Gerhard Domagk and colleagues?

• sulfanilamide

• methicillin

• vancomycin

• polymyxin

What is the source of many of the world’s natural antibiotics in use today?

• soil

• human gut

• tropical plants

• aquatic organisms

Which of the following is most important when deciding to treat with a bacteriostatic versus bactericidal drug?

• whether the drug can be administered orally or intravenously

• whether the drug is natural or synthetic

• whether the pathogen is gram-positive or gram-negative

• whether the patient has a strong immune system

When would a narrow-spectrum antimicrobial be used?

• for a polymicrobic infection

• when the infecting pathogen has been identified

• to prevent infection during surgery

• when the pathogen has developed resistance to a broad-spectrum antibiotic

What is a major risk associated with broad-spectrum antimicrobials?

• superinfections

• heart failure

• neurotoxicity

• cancer

What is a common reason to use an antibiotic with a shorter half-life?

• To minimize side effects of a particular drug

• To decrease the number of doses needed per day

• To allow the drug to be taken orally

• To more effectively treat a chronic infection