1750-1900 II

“Americans . . . who live within the Spanish system occupy a position in society as mere consumers. Yet even this status is surrounded with galling restrictions, such as being forbidden to grow European crops, or to store products that are royal monopolies, or to establish factories of a type the Peninsula itself does not possess. To this, add the exclusive trading privileges, even in articles of prime necessity . . . in short, do you wish to know what our future held?–simply the cultivation of the fields of indigo, grain, coffee, sugarcane, cacao, and cotton; cattle raising on the broad plains; hunting wild game in the jungles; digging in the earth to mine its gold.”

Simón Bolívar, “Jamaica Letter,” 1815

Bolívar was describing the effects of which of the following economic policies?

• Feudalism

• Mercantilism

• Capitalism

• Socialism

Which of the following best describes how nineteenth-century European industrialization affected European women’s lives?

• By the end of the century, new social welfare legislation made it possible for most women to earn university degrees.

• Married women found it increasingly difficult to balance wage work and family responsibilities.

• By the end of the century, women gained the right to vote in most European countries.

• Women came to dominate the agricultural workforce as men moved to cities to take industrial jobs.

In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, some governments responded to the growing popularity of revolutionary ideas such as the ones expressed in the Communist Manifesto by doing which of the following?

• Increasing the number of financial instruments available to help expand transnational businesses

• Expanding colonial territories and increasing industrial production

• Passing reforms designed to improve the conditions of industrial workers

• Opening large sectors of the economy to foreign direct investment

Which of the following best explains the general increase in the living standards of industrial workers between 1800 and 1914 ?

• Deficit-spending policies by governments in major industrial states

• The implementation of strong protective tariffs

• The increased supply of inexpensive consumer goods

• Implementation of utopian socialist ideas in the organization of factory labor

Japan’s industrialization during the Meiji period and the Russia’s industrialization during the late nineteenth and early twentieth century had which of the following characteristics in common?

• Industrialization in both countries was achieved largely through state direction rather than through private initiative.

• Both governments aimed to maintain women’s inferior status while continuing to work on making economic progress.

• Foreign investment capital financed both industrialization programs.

• The working classes of both countries began to rebel against poor working conditions and to join political parties.

“Nobody has one exclusive sphere of activity but each can become accomplished in any branch he wishes, society regulates the general production and thus makes it possible for me to do one thing today and another tomorrow, to hunt in the morning, fish in the afternoon, raise cattle in the evening, [and] criticize after dinner.”

Karl Marx, German philosopher, describing his view of life in a communist society, 1846

Marx’s statement in the passage above is best understood in the context of which of the following responses to the development and spread of global capitalism in the nineteenth century?

• A movement to gain higher wages and shorter hours for workers

• A movement to articulate an alternative vision of society

• A movement to convince workers that global capitalism would ultimately benefit them

• A movement to celebrate the productive capacity of global capitalism

The policies of the Meiji reformers brought about which of the following in Japan?

• The collapse of the industrial sector of the economy

• An increase in isolationism among government leaders

• A reduction in military expenditures

• The promotion of rapid industrialization

Which of the following was the primary Ottoman response to territorial losses in the nineteenth century?

• Attempts to convert the empire’s non-Muslim population to Islam

• Efforts to transform the empire into a parliamentary democracy

• Attempts to reconcile Islamic law with Marxist ideals

• Efforts to reform the government despite considerable internal opposition

“And God gave unto the Polish kings and knights freedom, that all might be brothers, both the richest and the poorest. The king and the men of knightly rank received into their brotherhood still more people…. And the number of brothers became as great as a nation, and in no nation were there so many people free and calling each other brothers as in Poland.”

Adam Mickiewicz, poem, 1832, about Polish uprisings against Russia in 1830 and 1831

The passage above best reflects which of the following?

• Marxist critiques of unequal distribution of wealth

• Discontent with government bureaucracy

• Development of nationalism

• Criticism of religion’s role in public life

Which of the following was the main factor leading to the fall of Japan’s Tokugawa shogunate and the rise of the Meiji government?

• Pressure from an increasingly powerful China

• Large-scale radical peasant rebellion

• Economic instability and hyperinflation

• Pressure from Western powers