Ancient Africa

Mali

Ghana

Axum

Songhai

Songhai

Nubia

Axum

Mali

Ghana

Mali

Songhai

Nubia

the Italian civilization, which conquered Nubia early in its development.

the Nubians, a powerful trading civilization to the south.

Axum, a new power located in what is now Ethiopia.

the Moroccans, who taught the Nubians to smelt iron ore.

It had a diverse culture.

It was a center of trade.

Christianity was practiced there.

Many languages were spoken there.

Environmental awareness

Democratic ideals

A numeric system

Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity

iron, out of which they would fashion highly desired tools and weapons

salt, which was used to preserve food and improve its taste

camels, so that they did not have to rely on the Berbers to transport the goods

peanuts, from which they made sustainable foods

by taxing goods of traders carried through their territory

by conquering neighboring kingdoms and taking their gold

by building new trade routes to Asia

by converting the country to Islam and appointing Muslims as advisors

the Mansa

the Axumites

the Songhai

the Almohads

He continued to conquer the neighboring empires, adding to Mali's power

He kept a 100,000-man army to protect the kingdom from attack

He made Timbuktu the important city in the empire

He promoted agriculture and reestablished the gold-salt trade