WJEC A2 Psychology: Hardiness and stress AO3

Clark (2002) found carers of disabled adults were better able to cope with the negative effects of stress because of ____.

• hardiness
• Type A charactersitics
• Type B characteristics
• daily uplifts

Eid et al. (2004) found those with hardy personality experienced less emotional stress by studying ________.

• politicians during a TV debate
• submarine crew members during a simultation of a disabled submarine
• army personne under heavy fire
• paratroopers during a simultaion in which their parachute fails to open

Lifton et al.'s (2006) research found students with ____ score were most likely to drop out of university.

• high hardiness

• moderate hardiness

• low hardiness

• above average hardiness

Maddi et al. (2009) found students with ____ were related to academic self-efficacy and positive attitudes to university.

• high hardiness
• moderate hardiness
• low hardiness
• above average hardiness

A limitation of the research findings by Clark (2002), Eid et al. (2004), Lifton et al. (2006) and Maddi et al. (2009) is _____?

• due to a lack of internal validity the findings are not generalisable to other populations
• due to the sample findings are not generalisable to any population
• due to ethical issues findings are not generalisable to other populations
• due to the sample findings are not generalisable to other populations

Eccles & Roeser's (2004) findings support the idea that hardy personality protects from the negative effects of stress. They found hardy students ____.

• were more likely to start their own business

• would elect to do the most demanding college courses

• were more likely to leave college and find employment

• were likely to claim benefits

One application of research into personailty characteristics and stress is ____.

• no colleges and universities now offer hardiness training for students
• many colleges and universities now offer softiness training for students
• many colleges and universities now offer hardiness training for students
• many colleges and universities now offer preparedness training for students

There is much support for the role of control in stress but there is little for challenge and commitment. This suggests that ____ may be a more valid explanation.

• lots of control
• flexible personality
• multiple personality
• locus of control

Kobasa suggests hardiness is a stable trait, however, whether or not this is the case ____.

• depends on how hardiness is measured
• depends on how personality is measured
• depends on how handiness is measured
• depends on how heartlessiness is measured

Greene & Nowack (1995) found that over a 3 year period only scores on the ____ successfully predicted work-related illness whilst other measures of hardiness did not.

• Combined Hardiness Scale
• Cognitive Hardiness Scale
• Concrete Hardiness Scale
• Congential Hardiness Scale