APES AP Exam Review #2

Fragmenting one large park or preserve into many small parks with human habitation in between them is most likely to lead to which of the following?

• Reduction in species diversity

• Stabilization of microclimates

• Decrease in the proportion of edge habitat

• Increase in population size of carnivores

The factor that likely poses the greatest threat of extinction of species worldwide is

• black market trade in endangered species

• aggressive collecting of specimens by museums and zoos

• increasing loss of habitat

• weakening of environmental legislation

Which of the following best shows the process of evolution?

• A population of mosquitoes develops resistance to a pesticide

• A bear goes into hibernation

• A lizard’s color becomes brown as it sits on a log

• A population of foxes increases as more prey becomes available

The net annual primary productivity of a particular wetland ecosystem is found to be 10,000 kcal/m2 per year. If respiration by the aquatic producers is 21,000 kcal/m2 per year, what is the gross annual primary productivity for this ecosystem, in kcal/m2 per year?

• 11,000

• 21,000

• 31,000

• 41,000

Characteristics that tend to increase the risk of a species becoming endangered include which of the following?

• Having a very limited distribution

• Being a specialist at the end of a long food chain

• Having a small population size

• All of these are correct

In general, which of the following is the best long-term method of preventing extinctions?

• Protecting the habitats of endangered species

• Paying people not to kill endangered species

• Removing predators from areas that contain endangered species

• Providing food to endangered species in the wild

If mean global temperature keeps on increasing as predicted by contemporary scientists, which of the following is most likely?

• There will be fewer insect pests and disease-carrying organisms

• Specialist species living in fragile ecosystems will risk extinction

• There will be an increase in the reproductive rate of mammals

• The geographical range of many plants will move toward the equator

All of the following statements about the pyramid of biomass are correct EXCEPT:

• Biomass is the total dry mass of the organisms present.

• The amount of biomass at a particular level of the pyramid depends on the amount of energy available.

• The base of the pyramid generally represents primary consumers.

• Certain toxins tend to become concentrated at upper levels of the pyramid.

Eutrophication in lakes is frequently the direct result of

• nutrient enrichment

• industrial poisons

• a diminished supply of nitrates

• an increase in predators

Losses of usable energy between successive trophic levels in an ecosystem are best accounted for by which of the following?

• The first law of thermodynamics

• The second law of thermodynamics

• The law of conservation of matter

• The process of ecological succession