Chapter 7 & 8

What is Underdetermination meaning?

• Some idea that not reach the expectation of a certain people

• Idea that evidence available at given time may be insufficient to determine what beliefs should hold in.

• The making of idea need for generating new theory within experimentation

Which is NOT topic from Underdetermination?

• Holistic Underdetermination

• Contrastive Underdetermination

• Reality Underdetermination

Which Duhem statement is correct about Holistic Underdetermination ?

• Theories or hypotheses can only be subjected to empirical testing in groups or collections, never in isolation.

• No theories can be subjected unless there would be a correct experiment

• Theory and hypothesis must be the same according toward the objective

What is contrastive underdetermination?

• It questions the ability of the evidence to confirm any given hypothesis against alternatives

• Theories which make all and only the same empirical claims and prediction and no evidence will ever allow us to choose one over another

• Every previous theories has been shown to be incorrect.

What is the hypothesis can be made under Newton's Law Theories?

• The universe affects the nature

• The theories are false

• The universe is at rest and moving at constant velocity

"For all theories, T, we can generate other empirically equivalent theories such as T' or T"."

The theories belong to...

• John Earman

• Andre Kukla

• Larry Laudan

What is observation?

• An act or instance of noticing, perceiving, or watching

• Observing something and ask questions about a natural phenomenon (scientific observation)

• Make prediction about logical consequences of the hypothesis

Theory -Ladenness Of Observation state that

• Theoretical framework in which the point-like particles of particle physics are replaced by one-dimensional objects

• Everything one observes is interpreted through a prior understanding of other theories and concept

• The universe came into being from a single, unimaginably hot and dense point

What is the importance of observation?

• To collect and record data

• To test prediction by controlled experiment, a natural experiment an observational study or a field experiment

• To create conclusion on the basis of data or information gathered in the experiment

These method can be used to make an observation, except

• Using equipment

• Using guts

• Using senses