Sociology Ch 2.2 and 3.3

Features common to all societies

• Cultural Universals

• Ethnocentrism

• Cultural Relativism

• Subculture

• Counterculture

The tendency to view one's culture and group as superior

• Cultural Universals

• Ethnocentrism

• Cultural Relativism

• Subculture

• Counterculture

The belief that cultures should be judged by their own standards rather than by applying the standards of another culture

• Cultural Universals

• Ethnocentrism

• Cultural Relativism

• Subculture

• Counterculture

A group with its own unique values, norms, and behaviors that exists within a large culture

• Cultural Universals

• Ethnocentrism

• Cultural Relativism

• Subculture

• Counterculture

A group that rejects the values, norms, and practices of the larger society and replaces them with a new set of cultural patterns.

• Cultural Universals

• Ethnocentrism

• Cultural Relativism

• Subculture

• Counterculture

The process by which a norm becomes a part of an individual's personality, thus conditioning that individual to conform to society's expectations

• Internalization

• positive sanction

• negative sanction

• formal sanction

• informal sanction

An action that rewards a particular kind of behavior

• Internalization

• positive sanction

• negative sanction

• formal sanction

• informal sanction

A punishment or the threat of punishment used to enforce social norms of a society and enforce conformity

• Internalization

• positive sanction

• negative sanction

• formal sanction

• informal sanction

A punishment or reward given by a official organization or regulatory agency, such as a school, business, or government

• Internalization

• positive sanction

• negative sanction

• formal sanction

• informal sanction

A spontaneous expression of approval or disapproval given by an individual or group

• Internalization

• positive sanction

• negative sanction

• formal sanction

• informal sanction