REview Unit 5 cognition and memory

Confirmation bias refers to the tendency to:

• Allow preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning
• Cling to one’s initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited
• Search randomly through alternative solutions when problem solving
• Look for information that is consistent with one’s beliefs

A dessert recipe that gives you the ingredients, their amounts and the steps to follow is an example of a(n):

• Prototype

• Algorithm

• Heuristic

• Mental set

Failing to see that an article of clothing can be inflated as a life preserver is an example of:

• Belief bias
• The availability heuristic
• The representativeness heuristic
• Functional fixedness

On her way to London, Janet was invited into the cockpit to meet the pilot, Alex. Sh was surprised to see that Alex was a woman. This is an example of:

• Confirmation bias
• Convergent thinking
• Insight
• Representative heuristic

Which of the following statements best illustrates the concept of framing? 

• A PSA for breast mammograms chooses to use the statement "you can die if you don't," rather than "this can save your life."
• Lily assumes her doctor named Chris is a male, when in fact she is a female
• A cigarette company puts beautiful women in its commercial
• An advertiser uses divergent thinking to come up with a commercial slogan

Many people believe that there are more deaths in the United States each year due to tornadoes than deaths due to asthma, even though asthma kills more people. This mistaken belief is due in part to the reports of tornadoes being more vivid. This is an example of how our judgments are affected by

• the availability heuristic

• the represenativeness heuristic

• the confirmation bias

• lanchoring heuristic

a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test. 

• recall 
• memory 
• rehearsal
• recognition

the process of getting information out of memory storage. 

• recall 
• rehearsal
• priming
• retrieval

According to the spacing effect, which of the following study methods would work best? 

• explaining physics to someone that hasn't taken the class
• learning physics by rereading your notebook
• studying physics everyday for 1 hour a day in the week leading to the test
• studying physics for an hour before a test

The process of encoding refers to

• getting information into memory
• the motivated forgetting of painful memories
• the persistence of learning over time
• the recall of information previously learned