Phlebotomy Chapter 4 Test Review

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

• Federal agency responsible for monitoring morbidity (disease) and mortality (death) throughout the country and oversees the investigation and control of various diseases, especially those that are communicable.

• A degree of cleanliness that prevents infection and the growth of microorganisms. The technique to achieve this condition includes frequent handwashing, use of barrier garments and personal protective equipment (PPE), waste management of contaminated materials, use of cleaning solutions, following standard precautions, and using sterile procedures when necessary.

• An agency of the U.S. Department of Labor requiring employers to provide a safe work environment, including measures to protect workers exposed to biological and occupational hazards. They are also responsible for responding to complaints, monitoring employer practices, and imposing sanctions (fines or closure) on employers who are noncompliant.

• A federal agency that establishes/enforces guidelines for safe work practices.

Communicable disease

• Category of diseases resulting from the transmission of infectious microorganisms to individuals by direct or indirect contact or as an airborne infection.

• Categories of precautionary measures based on the route of transmission of disease. Three types are airborne, droplet, and contact.

• Pathogenic microorganisms, including hepatitis B virus and human immunodeficiency virus, that if present in blood, can cause disease in humans.

• Reduce the risk of transmission of serious diseases such as respiratory syncytial virus (RSV),herpes simplex, wound infections, and others through direct or indirect contact.

Source

• The process by which infections are transmitted; components are Pathogen, reservoir, portal of exit, mode of transmission, portal of entry, and susceptible host.

• The origin of an infection (e.g., human hands, lab coats or other clothing, contaminated medical instruments, etc.).

• Practice of using two trash bags for disposing of waste from patients' rooms, particularly those patients in isolation.

• Close or intimate contact with an infected person: staphylococcus infections, chickenpox, hepatitis, or diarrhea.

Mode of transmission: Fomites

• Objects found in health care settings that can harbor infectious agents and transmit infection. Examples: Computer keyboards. doorknobs, telephones. Countertops, scrub suits, phlebotomy trays, shoes and floors, eyeglasses, pens and pencils, water fountain handles. laboratory coats, manuals and books, phlebotomy supplies and equipment, IV equipment.

• Reduce the transmission of diseases such as diphtheria, pertussis, meningitis, scarlet fever, pneumonia, and rubella; these diseases can be transmitted through contact of the mucous membranes of the eye, mouth, or nose with large-particle droplets larger than 5 microns that occur through sneezing, coughing, or talking.

• Many insects (mosquitoes, ticks, fleas, mites, etc.) and rodents act as vehicles in transmitting infectious diseases such as plague, Zika virus, rabies, and malaria.

• A degree of cleanliness that prevents infection and the growth of microorganisms. The technique to achieve this condition includes frequent handwashing, use of barrier garments and personal protective equipment (PPE), waste management of contaminated materials, use of cleaning solutions, following standard precautions, and using sterile procedures when necessary.

Airborne precautions

• Reduce the risk of transmission of microorganisms from both recognized and unrecognized sources of infection in health care facilities. Guidelines Apply to all patients and all body fluids, nonintact skin, and mucous membranes and include the use of barrier protection (protective equipment such as gloves, gowns, etc.), hand hygiene, and proper use and disposal of needles and other sharps. These guidelines have been designed through the CDC to decrease the risk of transmission of microorganisms.

• The process by which infections are transmitted; components are Pathogen, reservoir, portal of exit, mode of transmission, portal of entry, and susceptible host.

• Pathogenic microorganisms, including hepatitis B virus and human immunodeficiency virus, that if present in blood, can cause disease in humans.

• Reduce spread of airborne droplet transmission of infectious agents, such as rubeola, varicella, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Biohazard

• A component in the "chain of infection"; the degree to which an individual is at risk for acquiring an infection.

• Practice of using two trash bags for disposing of waste from patients' rooms, particularly those patients in isolation.

• Agents include disease-causing bacteria, fungi, viruses, or parasites that are transmitted by direct contact, air, medical instruments, other objects, or vectors.

• A term referring to any biological substance that can be a threat to one's health; can include bacteria, viruses, toxins, etc.

Accidental needlesticks

• an infection control concept of Blood-borne disease control, requiring that all human blood and other potentially infectious materials be treated as if known to be infectious for HIV, HBV,HCV, or other blood-borne pathogens, regardless of the perceived risk. Other concepts in infection control are referred to as Body Substance Isolation (BSI), meaning that all body fluids and substances are potentially infectious.

• Have potential to transmit infections such as HIV, Hepatitis B and C. Sharps injuries can be caused by: Failure to activate the safety device after using a needle; Attempting to recap a needle; Transferring blood specimens from a syringe into collection tubes; Use of needles without safety devices; Overfilling the biohazard sharps container; Use of nonretractable puncture devices for fingersticks.

• Acquired by patient after admission to health care facility. Of the 35 million patients admitted to hospitals annually in the United States, about 1.7-3 million acquire a nosocomial infection. Approximately 1 of every 20 hospitalized patients will contract HAI.

• Perform frequent hand hygiene and use of PPE; Assume all patients and specimens are infectious for HIV and other blood-borne pathogens. (i.e., Zika virus); Do not drink, eat, chew gum, smoke, apply cosmetics (including lip balm), or handle contact lens in work areas where these is exposure to blood or body fluids.

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)

• Inanimate objects; People (frequently the patient who has or is carrying the pathogen);Pathogenic infections numerous in the health care environment.

• Must have entrance pathway into "susceptible host" (e.g. hospitalized patient, health care worker)

• A federal agency that establishes/enforces guidelines for safe work practices.

• Pathogen is passed from the source to the host via Direct contact, airborne droplets, fomite, and vectors.

Multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs)

• Age, drug use, degree and nature of the patient's illness, and status of the patient's immune system (underlying diseases such as diabetes, HIV, AIDS, and cancer chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and antibiotics change the status of the body).

• Aategories of precautionary measures based on the route of transmission of disease. Three types are airborne, droplet, and contact.

• Bacteria that are resistant to antibiotics such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), vancomycin-resistant Enterecocci (VRE), and highly resistant Gram-negative bacteria (HRGNB).

• donning the gown, donning the mask (if required), donning face shield or goggles if possibility of blood or body fluid splashes or sprays, and donning gloves.

The most important procedure in the prevention of disease transmission in health care institutions is

• C. albicans, Smallpox, Herpes virus, Enterovirus, and Measles.

• Handwashing.

• Airborne, droplet, and contact.

• Through the skin.