Evo Knowledge

In the Expression of Emotion in Man and Animals (1872), Darwin made the case that ___________.

• human emotional expression is unique and shares no overlap with that of other animals

• human males are better able to read emotional expressions of others than are females

• nvertebrates actually are more emotionally expressive, on average, than are vertebrates

• emotional expressivity evolved in humans along with members of several other species to solve adaptive problems

Answer explanation

According to Darwin, emotional expressions are highly similar across species – a clue into the adaptive roots of emotions (and yes, perhaps we should call Darwin the first evolutionary psychologist!).

Cosmides and Tooby’s (1992) work on “cheater-detection” ultimately supported the idea that ____________.

• kin-selected altruism is more prominent than is reciprocal altruism

• humans are particularly adept at detecting others who have cheated on social contract

• humans are particularly adept at detecting others who have cheated on academic tests

• altruism is strongly connected to infidelity reactions

Answer explanation

Cosmides and Tooby documented, across several studies, that humans seem particularly adept at detecting when others cheat in social-contract situations (or when people break social agreements).

According to Niko Tinbergen, “ultimate causation” pertains to ________ of some behavior.

• the physiological causes

• the developmental underpinnings

• the evolutionarily adaptive function

• the socially constructed causes

Answer explanation

Tinbergen is famous for talking about multiple levels of evolutionary explanation. The “ultimate” causes of a naturally selected behavior speak to the evolutionary history of the behavior and how that behavior was adaptive for one’s ancestors.

Parental investment theory (Trivers, 1972) suggests that species with relatively altricial (helpless) young should be more likely to demonstrate __________.

• long-term mating patterns

• short-term mating patterns

• inductive parenting tactics

• deductive parenting tactics

Answer explanation

Trivers famously documented that species with high levels of required parental investment are more likely than other species to demonstrate long-term mating patterns (such as monogamous pairbonds).

The concept of “evolutionary mismatch” speaks to instances in which ____________.

• the morphology of an animal does not match the behavioral patterns of the animal

• the emotional processes of an animal do not match the cognitive processes of an animal

• an organism’s modern environment does not match the environment of the organism’s upbringing

• an organism’s modern environment does not match the ancestral environment of the organism

Answer explanation

A basic aspect of evolutionary psychology focuses on conditions in which there is a mismatch between modern conditions and ancestral conditions that were typical during the evolution of the species.

Which of the following is a basic premise of evolutionary-based research on sex differences in human mating (based on the research of David Buss and colleagues)?

• Females are biologically required to invest more than are males in effectively reproducing reproducing.

• Males are biologically required to invest more than are females in effectively reproducing.

• All male and female behavioral differences are fully explicable in terms of social constructionist processes.

• While some male/female differences have been documented in non-mating-relevant areas, there have been no reliable differences between the sexes documented in areas of human mating.

Answer explanation

Based on research by David Buss and others, many male/female differences in the domain of mating can be explained by the fact that females have much higher required parental costs than do males. This fact can explain, for instance, why females often require more in the way of courtship than do males.

According to Geoffrey Miller’s (2000) fitness-indicator perspective on art, art in humans __________.

• has no actual evolutionary function

• evolved exclusively for survival-based purposes

• primarily evolved to serve the purpose of improving warfare

• primarily evolved as a courtship device

Answer explanation

Miller (2000) famously made the case that facets of human art likely evolved as fitness indicators and likely serve evolutionary functions associated with mate-acquisition.

Per classic research on the topic of kin-selected altruism, ground squirrels are most likely to emit distress calls when _________.

• a high proportion of potential mates are in the area

• a high proportion of genetic relatives are in the area

• they experience physical, but not psychological distress

• they experience psychological, but not physical distress

Answer explanation

Work on ground squirrels paved the way for our understanding of how kin-selected altruism works. Kin-selected altruism is essentially when one helps his or her genes as these genes exist in the bodies of others (genetic relatives).

From the perspective of evolutionary psychologists, the tendency for males to become sexually jealous (angry when their partners cheat sexually) provides evidence that ___________.

• psychological adaptations primarily benefit the species of humans as a whole

• psychological adaptations primarily benefit the individual's particular genetic lineage

• nearly all psychological processes are best explained as social constructions

• nearly all physiological processes are best explained as social constructions

Answer explanation

Male sexual jealousy is a classic example of how evolution works not to help the species as a whole (we call this the “naïve species-selection fallacy”). Evolution shapes qualities of organisms to benefit the genetic interests of the organism him or herself. Male sexual jealously is but one mechanism designed to increase the likelihood that the male’s own particular genes are the ones that are most likely to be passed on.

From the perspective of evolutionary psychology, two males getting into an altercation at a bar would be considered an example of _________.

• intrasexual competition

• intersexual selection

• reaction formation

• the concrete-operations stage of development

Answer explanation

Intrasexual competition exists when two members of the same sex fight with one another for resources (often for access to mates).