The school of penology that said, the crime is a natural phenomenon and the criminals should be reformed.

• Positive school      

• Pre-classical school

• Classical school

• Neo-Classical school

He is the superintendent at Norfolk Island, Australia on 1840 introduced the marked system.

                                                                            

                                                                                 

• Z.R. Brokway 

•   Domets     

• Alexander Macanochie

• Sir Walter Crofton

The early personality, he is the director of Irish prisons ant introduced the progressive system.

         

• Alexander Macanochie 

• Sir Walter Crofton   

• Z.R. Brokway

• Domets

Below are some of the conditions for applying a probation, except one.e of the conditions for applying a probation, except one.

          

• Granted by the Court

• Application for Probation 

• Court who and rendered judgment convicting the accused 

• .Should exceed 6 years in prison

Known for solitary confinement day and night (where they live) slept, received religious instruction, and given work. Silence is enforced.

    

• Walnut Street Jail   

• Auburn Prison

• Pennsylvania Prison  

• Elmira Prison

Solitary confinement at night but prisoners’ congregate work in shops during the day. Found to be advantageous as prisoners finished more work in groups.

• Elmira Prison

• Walnut Street Jail

• Pennsylvania Prison    

• Auburn Prison

This facility considered as the forerunner of modern penology, because it had all the elements of a modern correctional institution, compulsory education, and case work methods extensive use of parole based on the indeterminate sentence.

             

• Elmira Prison

• Pennsylvania Prison

• Auburn Prison

• Walnut Street Jail  

He was the former Superintendent of Elmira reformatory, New York Introduced new institutional program for boys 16 – 30 years of age, the forerunner of modern penology.

• Alexander Macanochie

• Z. R. Brockway

• Manuel Montesimos  

• Sir Evelyn Ruggles Brise

It is a justification of punishment came after prisons were fully established. People believe that by putting the offender in prison, society is protected from his further criminal depredation.

• Deterrence  

• Protection

• Reformation

• Jails

. It is commonly believed that punishment gives a lesson to the offender; that is shows others what would happen if they violate the law, and that punishment holds crime in check. This is the essence of deterrence as a justification for punishment.

• Protection 

• Deterrence      

• Reformation

• Penitence