According to behaviorist theories, which is an example of a response?

• Implement a Token economy

• Providing positive comments to students after a task is completed

• Increasing a behavior after being rewarded

• Supporting students for oral presentations

According to behaviorist theories, which is an example of antecedent-stimuli and response?

• Eliminate recess - receive a reward

• Praise - conditioned behavior

• Formative feedback - conditioned behavior

• Supportive environment - feel good about school

Which statement describes an example of classical conditioning?

• A warm and nurturing teacher makes students feel connected

• Forcing students to do an unpleasant task when they misbehave

• Adding chores and responsibilities when the student fails to follow the rules.

• Assigning students who forget to turn in their assignment extra work.

Which statements explain a difference between classical and operant conditioning?

• In classical conditioning, students associate stimuli with a particular response

  In operant conditioning, after reinforcement/punishment, students increase or decrease behaviors

• In classical conditioning, students decrease/increase their responses to stimuli

  In operant conditioning, students receive reinforcement/punishment before being exposed to stimuli

• In classical conditioning, students may or may not condition their behaviors.

  In operant conditioning, students increase or decrease behaviors with or without reinforcement/punishment

Bill's behaviors in Ms. Kennedy's class are really distracting to other students. For example, he whispers to the boy beside him when Ms. Kennedy is giving directions on how to do any assignment. He flings paper clips at a girl across the room. He makes strange grunting noises that a few classmates find amusing. Ms. Kennedy glares at him or admonishes him whenever he behaves in a distracting way, yet his inappropriate behaviors are increasing rather than decreasing. Which one of the following interpretations best explains why Bill's behaviors are increasing?

• Ms. Kennedy is positively reinforcing him for the distracting behaviors.

• Ms. Kennedy is negatively reinforcing him for the distracting behaviors.

• Ms. Kennedy is vicariously reinforcing him for the distracting behaviors.

• Ms. Kennedy is punishing him for the distracting behaviors.

When Mr. Thompson yells at his students, they stop being so noisy. Mr. Thompson is receiving ________ for his yelling behavior.

•  intermittent reinforcement

• negative reinforcement

• intrinsic reinforcement

• vicarious reinforcement

Three of the following depict situations in which a teacher might be facilitating the retention condition that enables a child to learn from a model. Which one does not necessarily depict such a situation?

• As he writes a capital J on the board, Mr. Anson tells his kindergartners, "To write a capital J, you make a fishhook with a line across the top."

• Mr. Byers suggests, "Let's play some background music while I show you how to use the dipstick to measure your oil level."

• Mr. Caruso says, "There are several critical steps involved in throwing a pot on the potter's wheel. Repeat these steps to yourself as you work so you don't forget them."

• As he demonstrates how to throw a baseball correctly, Mr. Duffy says, "Now repeat these words as you throw the ball: back, up, thrust, release."

Which one of the following is the best example of a cognitive tool in mainstream Western culture?

• Use of natural lighting in a studio art class

• A jigsaw in a woodworking class

• Use of an automatic tennis ball server during tennis practice

• The concept of pi (π) in a geometry class

Sharon knows that Kathy frequently completes her assignments long after their due dates. She has noticed that their teacher willingly accepts Kathy's late assignments because Kathy always has creative excuses for turning them in late. Sharon begins to do the same thing—she turns in assignments past the due date and makes up excuses for why she is late. Sharon's increase in excuse-making is due to:

• Shaping and intrinsic reinforcement.

• Modeling and vicarious reinforcement.

• A mediated learning experience.

• Distributed cognition.

Which of the following is the best example of a teacher applying principles of culturally relevant teaching?

• Ms. Brewer has students highly engaged on a project, but their academic achievement is low.

• Mr. Costa develops a cultural fair every spring where students from different cultures are welcome.

• Mrs. Kane includes facts about different cultures in their classes.

• Ms. Brooks encourages students to use practices from their homes in academic content tasks.