APWRLD UNIT 8 TEST

“I belong to those scientists who consider that the drying up of the Aral Sea is far more advantageous than preserving it. First, in its zone, good fertile land will be obtained. . . . Cultivation of cotton alone will pay for the existing Aral Sea, with all its fisheries, shipping, and other industries. Second, the disappearance of the Sea will not affect the region’s landscapes.”

A. Babayev, president of Soviet Turkmenistan’s Academy of Sciences, late 1950s

Which of the following best explains why the Soviet Union was willing to undertake projects such as the one discussed in the passage?

• The need to suppress armed resistance to Soviet rule in Central Asia

• The mass migration of Turkmens and other Central Asians to Soviet Russia

• Soviet embrace of economic liberalization and free-market principles

• Pressure resulting from the need to keep pace with Western economic development during the Cold War

Which of the following was a principal cause of the Cold War?

• Proxy wars in Latin America

• Competition for natural resources in Africa

• The nuclear arms race

• Conflicting capitalist and communist ideologies

The Cold War rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union during the second half of the twentieth century was characterized by competition primarily over

• religion and culture

• the distribution of natural resources

• ideology and economic structure

• control of key trade routes

All of the following were policies pursued by both the United States and the Soviet Union during the Cold War EXCEPT

• reliance on military alliances for national security

• promotion of proxy wars in other states

• centralized planning of the national economy

• development of massive nuclear arsenals

After which event did the United States and the Soviet Union emerge as superpowers with respect to the rest of the world?

• The United States Civil War

• The promulgation of the Monroe Doctrine

• The First World War

• The Second World War

“The Soviet structure of power is committed to the perfection of the dictatorship and to maintaining the concept that Russia is in a state of siege, with an enemy that lies just beyond the walls. This mentality has profound implications for Russia’s international conduct. Moscow assumes that the aims of the capitalist world are antagonistic to the Soviet regime. However, the Kremlin is under no compulsion to accomplish its goal of spreading its influence in a hurry. If it finds unassailable barriers in its path, it accepts them and accommodates itself to them. There is no trace of any feeling in Soviet psychology that that goal must be reached at any given time.

In these circumstances it is clear that the main element of any United States policy toward the Soviet Union must be that of patient and vigilant containment of Russian expansive tendencies. Soviet economic development, while it can list certain formidable achievements, has been precariously spotty and uneven. It is difficult to see how the deficiencies of the Soviet economic system can be corrected by a tired and dispirited population working largely under the shadow of fear and compulsion. And as long as they are not overcome, Russia will remain an economically vulnerable and impotent nation, capable of exporting its ideological enthusiasm but unable to export real evidence of material power and prosperity. Indeed, it is the strong belief of this writer that Soviet power bears within it the seeds of its own decay, and that the sprouting of these seeds is well advanced.”

George F. Kennan, United States diplomat to the Soviet Union from 1944 to 1946, article submitted anonymously to an academic journal devoted to the conduct of foreign policy, published in Washington, D.C., 1947

The recommendation provided in the second paragraph is best explained in the context of which of the following historical situations in the aftermath of the Second World War?

• The emergence of fascist states engaged in territorial expansion in Asia and Africa

• The implementation of genocidal policies by totalitarian states

• The creation of secret competing alliance systems by European powers

• The attempts by Soviet officials to establish ideological ties with newly independent states

“The Soviet structure of power is committed to the perfection of the dictatorship and to maintaining the concept that Russia is in a state of siege, with an enemy that lies just beyond the walls. This mentality has profound implications for Russia’s international conduct. Moscow assumes that the aims of the capitalist world are antagonistic to the Soviet regime. However, the Kremlin is under no compulsion to accomplish its goal of spreading its influence in a hurry. If it finds unassailable barriers in its path, it accepts them and accommodates itself to them. There is no trace of any feeling in Soviet psychology that that goal must be reached at any given time.

In these circumstances it is clear that the main element of any United States policy toward the Soviet Union must be that of patient and vigilant containment of Russian expansive tendencies. Soviet economic development, while it can list certain formidable achievements, has been precariously spotty and uneven. It is difficult to see how the deficiencies of the Soviet economic system can be corrected by a tired and dispirited population working largely under the shadow of fear and compulsion. And as long as they are not overcome, Russia will remain an economically vulnerable and impotent nation, capable of exporting its ideological enthusiasm but unable to export real evidence of material power and prosperity. Indeed, it is the strong belief of this writer that Soviet power bears within it the seeds of its own decay, and that the sprouting of these seeds is well advanced.”

George F. Kennan, United States diplomat to the Soviet Union from 1944 to 1946, article submitted anonymously to an academic journal devoted to the conduct of foreign policy, published in Washington, D.C., 1947

Which of the following best explains the purpose of the arguments expressed in the passage?

• To influence Soviet government officials to adopt economic policies that would harm the Soviet Union

• To influence United States government officials to adopt policies designed to avoid a major war

• To convince world leaders to unite in order to stop the evils of communism

• To convince Soviet citizens that the United States meant them no harm in the hopes of creating a sustainable peace

“The Soviet structure of power is committed to the perfection of the dictatorship and to maintaining the concept that Russia is in a state of siege, with an enemy that lies just beyond the walls. This mentality has profound implications for Russia’s international conduct. Moscow assumes that the aims of the capitalist world are antagonistic to the Soviet regime. However, the Kremlin is under no compulsion to accomplish its goal of spreading its influence in a hurry. If it finds unassailable barriers in its path, it accepts them and accommodates itself to them. There is no trace of any feeling in Soviet psychology that that goal must be reached at any given time.

In these circumstances it is clear that the main element of any United States policy toward the Soviet Union must be that of patient and vigilant containment of Russian expansive tendencies. Soviet economic development, while it can list certain formidable achievements, has been precariously spotty and uneven. It is difficult to see how the deficiencies of the Soviet economic system can be corrected by a tired and dispirited population working largely under the shadow of fear and compulsion. And as long as they are not overcome, Russia will remain an economically vulnerable and impotent nation, capable of exporting its ideological enthusiasm but unable to export real evidence of material power and prosperity. Indeed, it is the strong belief of this writer that Soviet power bears within it the seeds of its own decay, and that the sprouting of these seeds is well advanced.”

George F. Kennan, United States diplomat to the Soviet Union from 1944 to 1946, article submitted anonymously to an academic journal devoted to the conduct of foreign policy, published in Washington, D.C., 1947

Which of the following best explains how the historical circumstances of Kennan’s service as a diplomat in the Soviet Union influenced his point of view regarding the “Soviet structure of power” in the first paragraph?

• He witnessed how the Soviet Union used its industrial capabilities to produce vastly more quantities of war equipment than Germany could produce.

• He witnessed how German atrocities had turned ethnic groups within the Soviet Union who had initially opposed Stalin against the Nazis.

• He witnessed how the Soviet Union’s defeat of Nazi Germany allowed it to decide the fate of states in Eastern Europe that it occupied.

• He witnessed how conflict between Germany and the Soviet Union allowed Stalin to further centralize his power and use Russian nationalism to mobilize the population.

Western-led military alliance systems such as NATO that emerged during the Cold War period sought to

• prevent the spread of communism

• encourage a foreign policy independent of the United States and the Soviet Union

• create democratic governments worldwide

• share nuclear technology with nonaligned nations

Snark/ Art Resource, NY

Poster from the Seventeenth Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, 1934.

Poster text: “Raise the Flag of Lenin, It Gives Us Victory!”

Banners at bottom read: “Long live the invincible party of Lenin!” “Long live the great guide of the international proletarian revolution, Comrade Stalin!”

Artworks of the type shown in the image were used for all of the following EXCEPT to

• mobilize the Soviet population in support of the policy of “total war” during the Second World War

• showcase Soviet support for the Warsaw Pact during the Cold War

• promote Soviet support for anti-imperialist independence movements in Asia and Africa

• encourage Soviet citizens to embrace Western popular culture