Bacteria that form an irregular cluster of spheres are called:

• bacilli

• diplococci

• staphylococci

• streptococci

A strict anaerobe requires which specific environment?

• A dry environment

• An acidic medium

• Air at a temperature less than 61 degrees F / 16 degrees C

• The absence of oxygen

The presence of the bacterial capsule:

• aids in the release of endotoxins

• protects the microbe from phagocytosis

• increases the release of toxins and enzymes

• prevents replication of the bacterium

Microbial mutation means that

• genetic information has changed

• pathogens become nonpathogens

• the microbe survives adverse conditions but can no longer replicate

• the immune response to that microbe is strengthened

A bacterial endospore can:

• also be classified as an acid-fast bacterium

• exist in latent form inside a host cell

• reproduce very rapidly

• survive high temperatures and a dry environment

The structure of a virus includes:

• a cell wall and membrane

• metabolic enzymes for replication

• a protein coat and either DNA or RNA

• a slime capsule and cilia

What method do viruses use to replicate?

• Binary fission

• Budding of a daughter cell from the parent virus

• Producing reproductive spores

• Using a host cell to reproduce and assemble components

A retrovirus such as HIV contains:

• RNA and enzymes for its conversion

• a double strand of DNA

• many enzymes to limit budding of new virions

• numerous mitochondria

How do antiviral drugs act?

• They interfere with cell wall development

• They decrease cell membrane permeability

• They destroy new, immature viral particles

• They reduce the rate of viral replication

Which statement applies to yeasts?

• They are usually considered to be pathogenic

• They seldom contain a distinct nucleus

• They may cause opportunistic infection in the body

• They are normally not found in large numbers in resident flora