AP European History Review

Middle Ages

• Time period between the Roman Empire and the Renaissance

• Time period created by the Black Death

• Time period after the Renaissance

Until the beginning of the sixteenth century, criticism of the Catholic Church was focused primarily on

• relics and transubstantiation
• the refusal of the church to allow divorce
• immorality and ignorance among the clergy
• the church's refusal to allow priests to marry

The impact of the Protestant Reformation included all of the following EXCEPT

• religious fragmentation of the Holy Roman Empire
• reform of practices within the Catholic Church
• religious wars
• improved social conditions for the peasants

Henry VIII broke from the Catholic Church because of 

• his serious doubts about Catholic theology
• his concerns about succession
• his desire to protect Protestants in England
• his political conflicts with Spain

The Council of Trent

• affirmed Catholic theology
• offered reconciliation with the Protestants
• separated the papacy from its role as temporal ruler
• allowed couples to exchange marriage vows without witnesses

The series of civil wars in France during the sixteenth century ended because of 

• success by the Catholics
• a moderate policy by Henry IV
• the expulsion of the Huguenots
• peacemaking efforts by the Pope

The importance of massive amounts of gold and silver into Spain ultimately damaged Spain by

• dividing Spain from Portugal
• personally corrupting the monarchs such as Phillip II
• fostering inflation, which increased the royal debt
• allowing Spain to engage in war after war

Spain's economic troubles in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries came about primarily when

• it lost control of the slave trade to the French
• the colonies in the New World revolted
• the gold and silver mines in the Americas began to run dry
• the Dutch began to raid Spain's northern coasts

The execution of Charles I

• ended the Stuart line
• was voted for by a large majority of the Long Parliament
• led Louis XIV of France to send troops to defend his son, Charles II
• Was approved by a Parliament purged of moderates

Not a supporter of the divine right of kings, Thomas Hobbes advocated strong governments, basing his views on

• man's selfish and aggressive nature
• Machiavellian ideas about the need for a prince to unify the nations
• More's ideal community in which the government carefully supervised the population
• reference to the endurance of the Roman Empire