AP Exam Review: Unit 5 (cognition)

A mental grouping of similar things, events or people is called a(n):

• Prototype
• Concept
• Algorithm
• Heuristic

Confirmation bias refers to the tendency to:

• Allow preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning
• Cling to one’s initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited
• Search randomly through alternative solutions when problem solving
• Look for information that is consistent with one’s beliefs

Airline reservations typically decline after a highly publicized airplane crash because people overestimate the incidence of such disasters. In such instances, people’s decisions are being influenced by:

• Belief bias
• The availability heuristic
• The representativeness heuristic
• Functional fixedness

Which of the following types of tests is designed to measure an individual’s knowledge of a subject?

• Achievement
• Attitude
• Aptitude
• Projective

On a fishing trip, Ed realizes that he has mistakenly packed the sewing box instead of the tackle box. He wants to fish but returns home because he does not have any lines or hooks. Ed’s failure to realize that sewing thread can be used as fishing line and that a bent needle can be used as a hook is an example of

• Cognitive accommodation
• Backward masking
• Functional fixedness
• Proactive interference

A person with lower than average intelligence who has an amazing, unusual mental skill is known as a

• genius
• savant
• prodigy
• freak

Validity means that 

• a test measures what it is supposed to measure
• that a test has been tested on many subjects
• a test measures both aptitude and acheivement
• scores are the same no matter who grades the test

Paul takes a test in the army to see if he would make a good pilot. Such a test is

• a standardized test.
• an aptitude test.
• an intelligence test.
• an achievement test.

If a test is reliable, it means that

• it is given in the same way every time.
• it tests what it is suppose to test.
• it is a fair assessment.
• it yields consistent results.

Mrs. Cho is careful to make sure that she fairly represents the whole year's work on the final exam for her American literature class. If Mrs. Cho achieves this goal, her test will have

• test-retest reliability.
• construct validity.
• content validity.
• split-half reliability.