Living Environment Evolution Regents Review

Down syndrome occurs when an individual has an extra copy of chromosome 21. This additional genetic material alters development and results in Down syndrome. This genetic abnormality is an example of

• a mutation

• fertilization

• a substitution

• differentiation

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When it is disturbed, the bombardier beetle is able to produce and release a hot spray of irritating chemicals from the end of its body, as shown in the photo below. As a result, most animals that have experienced this defense avoid the beetles in the future. The beetle’s defense mechanism has developed as a result of

• the need for an effective protection against its enemies

• competition with its predators

• natural selection over many generations

• ecological succession over hundreds of years

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A genetic change that occurs in a body cell of a mouse will not contribute to the evolution of the species because

• body cell mutations will cause the cell to die before it reproduces

• the evolution of a species can result from changes in reproductive cells, not body cells

• random changes are repaired by enzymes before they are passed on to offspring

• the evolution of a species is caused by natural selection, not genetic variation

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Scientists who have examined the fossil record have noted that some species have changed very little over long periods of geologic time. The lack of change in such organisms is most likely because

• all members of their population were genetically identical, and they lived in a rapidly changing environment

• there was a large amount of variation in their population, and the environment changed frequently

• they could move between different environments when food supplies became scarce

• the environment that they lived in remained the same, and they were well-adapted to it

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Gene mutations can be caused by many things. These mutations are biologically important because they

• occur at a regular rate and therefore can be controlled

• can be passed to the offspring if they occur in any cell of the body

• are always harmful and therefore help to eliminate weak traits

• can result in a new variety of gene combinations in the species

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How does the ability to produce 3000 to 6500 eggs benefit the species?

• It decreases the opportunity for more frogs to compete for limited resources.

• More offspring are likely to survive and reproduce.

• The offspring will be more widely distributed by fast-moving water.

• The chances for asexual reproduction in the frogs will increase.

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One explanation for the timing and length of the leopard frog breeding season is that it occurs

• when environmental conditions are most favorable

• 365 days after the eggs have hatched the year before

• 2 to 3 weeks after female frogs have reached sexual maturity

• when there is a greater chance of mutation producing favorable variations

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Male birds of two different species living on the same island have developed different mating behaviors, as shown in the table below. Which statement is best supported by information in the table?

• It is likely that male birds in species A will mate with female birds in species B.

• It is likely that birds from species A will only mate with birds from species A.

• Male birds from one species will change their mating behavior if the only female birds available are from the other species.

• Mating behaviors are important only when these two species live together in the same area.

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Which diagram below indicates that species D is more closely related to C than it is to either A or B?

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As climate changes, which type of reproduction would most likely result in a greater chance of survival for a species?

• sexual reproduction, with a short reproductive cycle

• sexual reproduction, with a long reproductive cycle

• asexual reproduction, with a short reproductive cycle

• asexual reproduction, with a long reproductive cycle

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