4.2.3 Assignment and spiraled review

Define causation:

• When one variable causes another to change indirectly

• When one variable causes another to change directly

• the relationship between a set of data

• something that is unknown

A correlation shows that two things are

• related
• causing each other
• unrelated

This implies that one variable has a direct affect on the other variable.

• Correlation
• Causation

Which example shows CAUSATION?

• High social media usage and reduced grades.
• Car ran out of gas and being stranded on the side of the road.
• Recess time and classroom behavior in elementary school

Which example shows CORRELATION?

• I ate a hananero pepper and my mouth feels like it is on fire.
• Music lessons and brain development.
• I stepped on a spider and it died.

Which example shows CORRELATION?

• I put water in the freezer and now I have ice.
• The alarm clock went off and I woke up.
• Temperature and the amount of people at the beach.

Variable that may not be seen, but is a variable that has an important effect on the relationship between the explanatory & response variables.

• Confounding

• Lurking

• Explanatory

• Response

The following image reflects which type of relationship?

• Causation

• Lurking

• Common Response

• Confounding

There's a positive association between ice cream sales and the number of people who drown. Does that mean eating ice cream causes people to drown?

• Yes, one clearly causes the other

• No, there are other lurking variables causing a common response

• No

• Yes

A study found that the correlation coefficient between SAT scores and college grades was r = 0.52. Does this mean that your score on the SAT causes your college grades?

• Yes, that's a moderate positive correlation, so SAT scores cause college grades.

• Yes

• No, common response shows that such lurking variables as academic ability, study habits, etc. also affect college grades

• No, that's a moderate positive correlation, so SAT scores can't cause college grades.