It is the study of meaning which is related to the speech situations.

• Semantics

• Pragmatics

• Speech Acts

• Communication

It is concerned with the ways in which words can be used not only to present information but also to carry out actions.

• Pragmatics

• Verbal Communication

• Nonverbal Communication

• Speech Act

It carries a directive for the audience. This directive might be a promise, an order, an apology, or an expression of thanks—or merely an answer to a question, to inform the other person in the conversation.

• Locutionary Act

• Illocutionary Act

• Perlocutionary Act

It is the mere act of producing some linguistic sounds or marks with a certain meaning and reference.

• Locutionary Act

• Illocutionary Act

• Perlocutionary Act

This act brings about a consequence to the audience. They have an effect on the hearer, in feelings, thoughts, or actions, for example, changing someone's mind.

• Locutionary Act

• Illocutionary Act

• Perlocutionary Act

In this speech act, speakers try to get their listeners to do something (e.g. begging, commanding, requesting).

• Directives

• Commissives

• Expressives

• Assertives

In this speech act, speakers express their feelings (e.g. apologizing, welcoming, sympathizing).

• Commissives

• Declarations

• Directives

• Expressives

In this speech act, speakers commit themselves to a future course of action (e.g. promising, guaranteeing)

• Assertives

• Commissives

• Expressives

• Directives

In this speech act, the speaker's utterance brings about change in new external situation (e.g. christening, marrying, resigning).

• Assertives

• Declarations

• Commissives

• Directives

What category of speech act is this?

“The earth is flat”

• Assertives

• Directives

• Commissives

• Expressives