Review Lecture 1

What is the CCHS?

• A dietary reference intake.

• An important nutrition survey conducted in Canada in 2004 and again in 2015.

• A scoring system that measures the adherence of diet to Canada’s Food Guide (2007)

• Canadians’ Comprehensive Health Status.

Answer explanation

How might an antioxidant reduce the risk of developing cancer?

• By preventing reactions with oxygen that damage biological molecules and impair cellular function.

• By interacting with blood proteins to prevent blood clotting in arteries, that prevent proper blood flow.

• By impairing the function of some enzymes in the body.

• By blocking the function of hormones that promote the growth of tumours.

Answer explanation

Antioxidant donate electron to neutralize unstable oxygen

Why are alpha-linolenic acid and linoleic acid important fatty acids?

• Both are essential fatty acids. Alpha-linolenic acid is an omega-3 fatty acid and linoleic acid is an omega-6 fatty acid.  Another important fatty acid, EPA, can be biosynthesized from linoleic acid. 

• Both are essential fatty acids. Alpha-linolenic acid is an omega-3 fatty acid and linoleic acid is an omega-6 fatty acid.  Another important fatty acid EPA can be biosynthesized from alpha-linolenic acid.

• Both are essential fatty acids. Alpha-linolenic acid is an omega-6 fatty acid and linoleic acid is an omega-3 fatty acid.  Another important fatty acid DHA can be biosynthesized from alpha-linolenic acid.

• Alpha-linolenic acid is essential fatty acid. It is also an omega-3 fatty acid. Linoleic acid is biosynthesized from alpha-linolenic acid.

Answer explanation

• Linoleic acid (omega-6 fatty acid)

• Alpha-linolenic acid (omega-3 fatty acid)

• Both must be obtained from the diet

• EPA and DHA are omega-3 fatty acids synthesized in the body from alpha-linolenicacid

Which concept is being illustrated by the following statement? “A hamburger purchased in a fast food outlet today is larger than burgers served in the 1970’s and 1980’s.”

• Portion distortion

• Serving swerving

• Personalized nutrition

• Overnutrition

Answer explanation

In one day, a person consumes 2000 kcal/day made up of 90 g of fat, 200g carbohydrates, and 97.5 g protein.  What is the % kcal from fat and does it conform to the AMDR for fat?

AMDR= Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range

• The %kcal from fat = 40.5%, which does NOT conform to the AMDR for fat.

• The %kcal from fat = 40.5%, which conforms to the AMDR for fat.

• The %kcal from fat = 18%, which does NOT conform to the AMDR for fat.

• The %kcal from fat = 18%, which does conform to the AMDR for fat.

Answer explanation

• Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges : Expressed as % of total kcalories consumed

• Carbohydrates: 45-65%

• Fat: 20-35%

• Protein: 10-35%

1 g of fat give 9 kcal

90 x 9 = 810 kcal

(810 x 100)/2000 = 40.5% of total kcal consumed

40.5% > 20-35% --> not conform

How would the energy balance be described for someone who is gaining weight?

• Positive energy balance

• Negative energy balance

• Perfect energy balance

• At their estimated energy requirement

Answer explanation

An individual has an 45% probability of meeting their requirement for a nutrient that has an EAR, RDA, and UL.  What can be concluded about their intake?

• It is greater than the UL but less than the RDA.

• It is greater than the EAR but less than the RDA.

• It is less than the EAR.

• It is greater than the RDA.

Answer explanation

Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs)

Estimated Average Requirement (EAR): Nutrient intake that meets the requirement of 50% of individuals in a group – for example: sex, age.

The recommended personal intake target, to ensure that a person is almost certain to meet requirements, has been determined for a nutrient that has limited research conducted on its requirements. What DRI most likely represents this personal intake target?

• UL

• RDA

• EAR

• AI

Answer explanation

Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA): intake that ensures a 98% probability of meeting your requirement = EAR + 2SD

Adequate Intake is used when insufficient data to calculate an EAR. It is based on average nutrient intake by a healthy population (e.g., calcium in infant=200 mg)

Upper intake Level (UL), is the highest level of nutrient intake that is unlikely to pose adverse effects (supplements)

Which of the following statements describes a population, according to Health Canada standards, that is NOT obtaining enough nutrient Q?

• The intake distribution curve for nutrient Q indicates that 6% of the population is consuming less than the EAR for nutrient Q.

• The intake distribution curve for nutrient Q indicates that 2% of the population is consuming less than the EAR for nutrient Q.

• The requirement distribution curve for nutrient Q indicates that 50% of the population has requirements less than the EAR for nutrient Q.

• The intake distribution curve for nutrient Q indicates that 6% of the population is consuming more than the EAR for nutrient Q.

Answer explanation

Based on the EAR cut point method to determine the prevalence of Adequate Intake within a group.

To estimate what proportion of a group is meeting their requirements.

Health Canada: Considers a population to have an adequate intake if the proportion of the population whose intake is below the EAR is 10% or less!

in this example, the proportion of population whose intake is below the EAR is (100-6% = 94%) >>10%