Manner of Articulation

How are oral stops (plosives) made?

• are made with oral closure and the velum raised (complete obstruction)

• are made when the tongue tip makes a single tap against the alveolar ridge.

• are made with oral closure and the velum lowered (only nasal airflow).

How are Nasal Stops made?

• are made when the tongue tip makes a single tap against the alveolar ridge.

• are made with oral closure and the velum lowered (only nasal airflow).

• are made by obstructing the airstream using two articulators such that turbulent airflow is produced.

How are taps made?

• are made by obstructing the airstream using two articulators such that turbulent airflow is produced.

• are made by bringing the two articulators close to each other, but not so close that frication (turbulent airflow) is produced.

• are made when the tongue tip makes a single tap against the alveolar ridge.

How are fricatives made?

• are made by obstructing the airstream using two articulators such that turbulent airflow is produced

• are made when there is a tongue tip closure against the alveolar ridge while the tongue dorsum bunches back. The sides of the tongue fold down to allow for lateral airflow.

• are made by bringing the two articulators close to each other, but not so close that frication (turbulent airflow) is produced.

How are approximants made?

• are made with oral closure and the velum lowered (only nasal airflow).

• tongue dorsum goes to the aveolar ridge

• are made by bringing the two articulators close to each other, but not so close that frication (turbulent airflow) is produced.

How are affricates made?

• are made by making a stop and releasing it into a fricative.

• are made with the tongue high and front in the mouth, with the tongue body approximating the palate.

• are made with lip rounding and the tongue high and back in the mouth, with the tongue dorsum approximating the velum.

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