World Unit 1 Test

The following excerpt is from the Edict of Fontainebleau (1685 CE), which was decreed by King Louis XIV of France:

We forbid our subjects of the R.P.R. (Protestantism) to meet any more for the exercise of the said religion in any place or private house... We likewise forbid all noblemen... to hold such religious exercises in their houses or fiefs, under penalty... of imprisonment and confiscation.  We enjoin all ministers of the said R.P.R. who do not choose to become converts and to embrace the Catholic, apostolic, and Roman religion, to leave our kingdom and the territories... within a fortnight.                    Internet History Sourcebooks Project.

What political conditions in France led to the Edict of Fontainebleau?

• the parliament's desire to exclude religious minorities from lawmaking activities.

• the king's absolute authority to make laws and dictate the state religion.

• the increase in quarreling among political factions of the landowning aristocracy.

• the Catholic Church's reputation for challenging political power in the Holy Roman Empire.

How did the printing revolution contribute to increased global interaction?

• By making texts available to broader audiences, leading to the spread of new ideas.

• By creating interchangeable parts that made repairing the printing press easier.

• By mass producing the press to make it available to small towns.

• By using color to gain the interest of more people.

How did the new ideas and scientific advances of the Renaissance challenge the Catholic church?

• New Renaissance universities, which emphasized scientific research, gave most citizens educational opportunities that challenged the religious institutions.

• Individualism and humanist ideas from the Renaissance challenged citizens to seek answers for themselves rather than from religious institutions.

• New merchant guilds formed by the middle class owed allegiance to the leaders of the Renaissance rather than the Catholic Church.

• Feudal noble landowners accepted the scientific advances of the Renaissance that were supported by the Catholic Church.

German Princes were granted the power to decide the religion of their states in the

• Act of Supremacy

• Council of Trent

• Edict of Worms

• Peace of Augsburg

In what country did the Renaissance begin in?

• France

• Germany

• Italy

• England

Which individual wrote the 95 Theses and sparked the Reformation?

• Henry VIII

• Martin Luther

• John Calvin

• Jan Hus

What is humanism?

• An intellectual movement that focused on human potential and achievements.

• The spirit of the Renaissance society that meant worldly rather than spiritual and concerned with the here and now.

• The study of humanity.

• The belief that humans were greater than God.

. . . Merchants were carriers of Islam rather than agents of Islamization. They opened routes and exposed isolated societies to external influences, but they were not themselves engaged in the propagation [spread] of Islam, which was the work of religious leaders. The leaders became integrated into African societies by playing religious, social, and political roles similar to those of traditional priests. Like traditional priests, Muslim men of religion were peacemakers, who pleaded for those who broke the king’s laws. Mosques, like traditional shrines, were considered sanctuaries. Immunity of life and property was extended to men of religion only as long as they kept out of politics and posed no threat to the existing sociopolitical order. . . .

Source: John L. Esposito, ed., The Oxford History of Islam, Oxford University Press from NYS Global History and Geography Regents Exam, August, 2010.

According to The Oxford History of Islam, what is one way Islam was spread to African societies?

• Africans traveled to Mecca to learn about Islam.

• Africa was conquered by Islamic Caliphates that forced Africans to convert.

• Traders opened opportunities for religious leaders to introduce Islam to Africans.

• Africans adopted Islam in exchange for spices from the Middle East.

. . . For several centuries, these contacts [between North Africa and the interior] were limited by the nature of the Sahara itself. More than 3 million square miles in area, the Sahara is the world’s largest desert. Because temperatures during the day can reach as high as 120 degrees Fahrenheit and supplies of water are scant, the 40-day journey across the desert required courage, determination, and careful planning. Travelers who became separated from their companions were seldom seen again. The trans-Sahara trek became somewhat easier after the 4th century A.D., when camels were introduced in place of horses; camels are able to travel long distances without water, and their wider hooves make it easier for them to move through sand. However, intensive contact between North Africa and the interior did not begin until the 7th century, when a revolutionary change took place in the political and religious life of the region. By this time, the old empires of the Mediterranean and the Middle East were in decline or in ruins. In their place was a powerful new force—Islam. . . .

Source: Philip Koslow, Ancient Ghana: The Land of Gold, Chelsea House Publishers from the NYS Global History and Geography Regents Exam, June 2010.

What change was adopted after the 4th century to make travel easier across the Sahara Desert, according to Philip Koslow?

• Traders found a maritime route across the Desert.

• Horses were replaced by camels.

• Camels were replaced by horses.

• The compass made it easier for travelers to navigate through the desert.

…Their [Ottoman] aim was not merely political and military. For centuries Constantinople was the largest metropolis in the known world, the impregnable [unconquerable] core of a great [Byzantine] empire, served by a deep-water port that gave access to the sea. Known as New Rome and the Queen City, it had been built to impress, its magnificent public monuments, decorated with statuary set in an elegant classical urban landscape. Its apparent invincibility and famous reputation made it a great prize. The city was also reputed to be hugely wealthy. While the [Ottoman] Turks had no interest in its famous collection of Christian relics, the fact that many were made of solid gold and silver, decorated with huge gems and ancient cameos, was of importance...

Source: Judith Herrin, “The Fall of Constantinople,” History Today, June 2003 from the NYS Global History and Geography Regents Exam, August 2011.

According to Judith Herrin, what was one reason the Ottoman were interested in conquering the Byzantine capital of Constantinople? 

• To control the city's wealth.

• To worship using the city's Christian holy objects.

• To defend it from the Mongols.

• To defeat the Turks.