TBL Quizizz

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the human microbiome?

• Imbalance in the gut microbiota can lead to diseases

• It is only found within the gastrointestinal tract

• All microbes in the microbiome are pathogenic

• The microbiome starts developing during adulthood

• Without the microbiome, the host can develop primary immune deficiencies

Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) could lead to watery diarrhea and abdominal cramping. In severe cases, an infection can cause dehydration, require hospitalization, and be life-threatening. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) has been shown to be effective in treating CDI.

Which statement below is likely FALSE?

• C. difficile produces enterotoxins, resulting in colonic inflammation

• Broad-spectrum antibiotic usage is a major risk factor for CDI

• The intention of FMT is the restoration of the normal function of gut microbiota

• FMT could inhibit C. difficile by inducing pro-inflammatory immune responses

• FMT can be delivered by oral capsule or via colonoscopy

Which of the following is FALSE regarding germ-free (GF) mice?

• They are raised under completely sterile conditions

• They have impaired growth and immunity, with a significantly shorter lifespan and severe illnesses

• Transfer of donor gut microbiota could result in stable colonization in GF mice

• Bacteria transferred into GF mice can be transferred to the next generation

• Segmented filamentous bacteria (SFB) transfer to GF mice showed the importance of microbiota in immune system development

What is a piece of evidence supporting the hygiene hypothesis?

• Constant cleanliness is associated with a lower incidence of infections

• Increased usage of antibiotics results in increased bacterial resistance

• GF mice have defects in tissue repair after injury

• Increased allergy prevalence is observed in developed countries

• Sanitation significantly reduces Vibrio cholerae infection

Which of the following is FALSE regarding the co-existence between commensal bacteria and the immune system?

• Commensal bacteria evolve to be not recognizable by the immune system

• IgA and antimicrobial peptides are important for restraining gut commensal bacteria

• Sensing commensal bacteria by PRRs is crucial for tissue repair

• Polysaccharides produced by certain commensal bacteria could induce regulatory T cells

• Specific commensal bacteria could direct Th17 cell differentiation in the small intestine

What happens when mice are fed with fiber-rich diet?

• Mice are able to completely break down all fibers themselves

• Fermentation of fibers results in the expansion of pathogenic bacteria

• Genes involved in polysaccharide metabolism in gut microbiota are up-regulated

• Mice become morbidly obese after a long period of treatment

• Their colonic mucus layer becomes thinner

What happens when germ-free mice are colonized with the microbiota from obese mice?

• They become more obese

• They become leaner

• Their weight remains the same

• They made the obese donors leaner

• They immediately die shortly after

What is/are the effect(s) of antibiotics on the gut microbiota, particularly if given early in life?

• Increased gut bacterial diversity

• Increased risk of developing asthma

•  Increased adiposity in young mice

• Increased abundance of regulatory T cells in mice

• Increased incidence of type-1 diabetes in susceptible mice

Which of the following is FALSE regarding the microbiota-gut-brain axis?

• Stress can perturb the composition of the gut microbiota

• The gut microbiota can influence host behavior

• The vagus nerve is the fastest and most direct route that connects the gut and the brain

• Gut microbes-derived metabolites can directly or indirectly signal to the nervous system

• None of the above

Which of the following conditions/diseases has/have been linked to the gut microbiota?

• Mental health

• Blood pressure

• Blood sugar levels

• Cardiovascular diseases

• All of the above