Physical Science Review

You own a fireworks company. You are out of the element sodium (Na) and need to substitute an element with similar properties before your fireworks show starts.

• Chlorine (Cl), because it is in the same period as sodium, and elements in the same period have similar electron structure and similar chemical properties.

• Lithium (Li), because it is in the same group as sodium, and elements in the same group have similar electron structure and similar chemical properties

• Magnesium (Mg), because it only has one more proton than sodium and therefore, similar chemical properties.

• Neon (Ne), because it only has one less proton than sodium and therefore, similar chemical properties

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NGSS.MS-PS1-1

On a hot summer day, you make a glass of refreshing sweet iced tea by combining boiling water, tea, sugar, and ice.

What type of change occurs and how do you know?

• Physical change; sugar dissolves in the tea and water, but the chemical composition remains the same.

• Physical change; sugar dissolves in the tea and water which breaks the bonds of the molecules

• Chemical change; sugar dissolves in the tea and water due to heat being added to the water

• Chemical change; sugar dissolves in the tea and water which breaks the bonds of the molecules

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NGSS.MS-PS1-2

Sally rolled a marble down a ramp to investigate the potential energy and kinetic energy of a marble. She planned to measure the kinetic and potential energy at three different points but forgot to measure the kinetic energy at Point C.

• the kinetic energy would be 0 joules at Point C

• the kinetic energy at Point C would have to be 16 joules

• the kinetic energy at Point C would have to be 12 joules

• the kinetic energy would be 1 joule at Point C

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What energy transformation can the student describe as occurring between point X and point Y?

• Kinetic changes to potential, then some potential changes to thermal.

• Potential changes to kinetic, then some kinetic changes to potential.

• Kinetic changes to potential, then some potential changes to kinetic.

• Thermal changes to potential, then some potential changes to thermal.

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In a chemical reaction, table sugar (sucrose) is mixed with sulfuric acid. The result of the reaction is a towering black structure of elemental carbon, water vapor, carbon dioxide, and sulfur dioxide gases.

How can conservation of matter be proved using this reaction?

• The masses of the sugar, sulfuric acid, and glassware should be recorded before the experiment, then the resulting reactant masses should be compared with the original masses.

• The masses of the resultant gases and structure should be weighed to show that the resultants are heavier than the products

• The masses of the resultant gases and structure should be weighed to show that the resultants are lighter than the products.

• The masses of the sugar, sulfuric acid, and glassware should be recorded before the experiment, then the energy lost can be added to the resultants and compared to the original masses.

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Is the substance an atom or a molecule?

• It is an atom because it has a nucleus.

• It is an atom because C and O are subatomic particles

• It is a molecule because it is held together by energy and not chemical bonds

• It is a molecule because it has two different elements that are held together by bonds

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The molecules of the substance are packed close together and have fixed positions in space relative to each other

• solid

• liquid

• gas

• plasma

Gas to liquid

• melting

• condensation

• evaporation

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Based on the trends within the periodic table, how would you compare the element sodium (Na) to the element fluorine (F)? Select all the two correct answers.

• Sodium has more protons in its nucleus than Fluorine.

• Sodium is a nonmetal and fluoringe is a metal.

• Flourine has more valence electrons than sodium

• Both elements are gases at room temperature.

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NGSS.MS-PS1-1

When volcanoes erupt, they emit large plumes of hot smoke and ash, which can spread and cover miles of sky. Which process lifts the hot, black clouds into the sky?

• radiation that causes thermal energy to transfer into the clouds and hold them together

• conduction that causes thermal energy to pass from the smoke into the ground

• conduction that causes warmer air to spread and cooler air to condense into clouds

• convection that causes warmer air to rise and cooler air to sink into its place