4.1 - 4.4 Quiz Review

Where does the ligand bind to initiate signal transduction?

• glycolipids

• nucleus

• phosphorylation cascade

• receptor

Where would you find a receptor for a steroid hormone?

• in the cytoplasm because steroids are polar

• in the cytoplasm because steroid are nonpolar

• on the membrane because steroids are polar

• on the membrane because steroids are nonpolar

Which of the following is a secondary messenger?

• cAMP

• ATP

• Protein Kinase

• Ligand

Which of the following is the order of steps for a signal transduction pathway?

• Transduction -> Response

• Reception -> Initiation -> Transduction -> Response

• Reception -> Transduction -> Response

• Transduction -> Reception -> Response

How are steroid and protein hormones different?

• steroid hormones are hydrophobic while protein hormones are hydrophilic

• steroid hormones are hydrophilic while protein hormones are hydrophobic

• steroid hormones are small and uncharged while protein hormones are large and charged

• steroid hormones are large and charged while protein hormones are small and uncharged

Which of the following is a potential response for the cell?

• Conformational Change of Receptor

• Transcription Factor

• Phosphorylation Cascade

• Release of Ca²⁺ from Smooth ER

How is paracrine and hormone signaling different?

• hormone signaling involves bloodstream, long-distance and paracrine involves extracellular fluid, short-distance

• hormone signaling involves extracellular fluid, short-distance and paracrine involves bloodstream, long-distance

• hormone signaling involves extracellular fluid, long-distance and paracrine involves bloodstream, short-distance

• hormone signaling involves bloodstream, short-distance and paracrine involves extracellular fluid, long-distance

How are ligands cell-specific?

• Each cell has a different response to the ligand.

• Each cell has different receptors to bind to the ligand

• Each cell has different relay molecules based on the ligand.

• Each cell has different processes for endocytosis.

Describe the phosphorylation cascade.

• Protein phosphatase adds a phosphate to a relay molecule which causes a change in shape to activate.

• Protein kinase adds a phosphate to a relay molecule which causes a change in shape to activate.

• ATP adds a phosphate to a relay molecule which causes a change in shape to activate.

• Mitochondria adds a phosphate to a relay molecule which causes a change in shape to activate.

Transduction step traditionally amplifies the signal, which of the following are NOT involved with transduction?

• secondary messengers

• protein modification

• phosphorylation cascade

• ligands