Haitian Revolution ( based on article read in class)

In the late ​ (a)   , two successful revolutions occurred in the ​ (b)   The first was in the United States, which won independence from ​ (c)   in 1783. The second was in ​ (d)   , which was then the​ (e)   colony of Saint-Domingue. That second revolution began with a mass uprising of enslaved Haitians in August 1791.  

• 18th century
• Americas.
• Britain
• Haiti
• French

The American Revolution, which began in​ (a)   , came ​ (b)   . While it was a strong challenge to the system of ​ rule, it did not cause a true ​ (c)   revolution. Colonial ​ (d)   kept their wealth and power and became the new national elite.​ (e)   persisted and even expanded following the revolution, despite moves to ban it in the Northern states. 

• 1776
• first
• social
• elites
• Enslavement
• wealth
• revolution,

The Haitian Revolution was an ​ (a)  

revolution largely made by enslaved people of African 

descent. As such, it posed a direct ​ (b)   to countries 

around the world that ​ (c)   from enslavement, 

including the​ (d)   . No foreign nation even 

acknowledged Haitian independence officially until 

​ (e)   did so in 1825. It took the United States until 

1862 to recognize the country. It was the very last nation to do so. 

• anti-enslavement
• threat
• profited
• United States
• France
• independence

The ​ (a)   of the Americas was dramatically different in the 18th century than it is today. The​ (b)   was an economic center. Indeed, in many ways, it was much more ​ (c)   than North America from the perspective of European empires. The booming​ (d)   plantations of colonies like Saint-Domingue and Jamaica were the motor of the broader Atlantic economy. Though only the size of Maryland, the French colony of Saint-Domingue created as much ​ (e)   for France as the 13 North American colonies did for England.

• economy
• Caribbean
• significant
• sugar and coffee
• wealth

 Indeed,​ (a)   between the U.S. colonies and Saint Domingue continued even during the​ (b)   , when ​ (c)   in U.S. colonies supplied crucial ​ (d)   and ​ (e)   to the rebels.  

• exchanges
• Haitian Revolution
• merchants
• weapons
• ammunition

The link between the American Revolution and Black rebels in Saint-Domingue is more complex. One little-known part of the story is the role played by troops from​ (a)   in the ​ (b)   . In 1779, several hundred "gens de couleur" — ​ (c)   — joined the French military, which was supporting the American rebels, and fought at the siege of Savannah. A number of important ​ (d)   were part of this mission. That experience might have helped​ (e)   e them to fight for revolution in Haiti. 

• Saint-Domingue
• American Revolution
• free men of African descent
• Haitian revolutionaries
• inspire

The first stage of the Haitian Revolution occurred between 1789 and 1791, when ​ (a)   of color began to fight — at first peacefully, and then violently — for ​ (b)   . At the same time, increasingly powerful ​ (c)   began to develop within the white population and between planters and French administrators. This situation created an opening that the enslaved population took ​ (d)   of. In 1791, tens of thousands of enslaved people in the north of Haiti went into open and violent revolt against the ​ (e)   . They burned cane fields, killed enslavers, and smashed the machinery of sugar production. 

• free people
• political rights
• divisions
• advantage
• plantation system

Haiti's 1793 decree was the first national ​ (a)   of enslavement in history. It was a stunning victory not only because of what it brought about, but also because of how it had happened. Enslaved people had transformed themselves into​ (b)   leaders and then​ (c)   citizens. Their actions resounded across the Americas. Throughout the 19th century and beyond, the Haitian Revolution became a key reference in debates about enslavement, ​ (d)   , and race. For some, it was an ​ (e)   For others, it was a source of terror. 

• abolition
• military
• full-fledged
• emancipation
• inspiration.

The history of ​ (a)   toward Haiti is mixed. Presidents John Adams and Thomas Jefferson 

pursued very different policies. Adams offered ​ (b)   to ​ (c)   , leader of the Haitian 

Revolution, and at one point the U.S. Navy actually helped the Black general defeat one of his internal 

enemies, André Rigaud. Jefferson was much ​ (d)   to support Haiti, as he was​ (e)   the example 

of revolt might spread to the United States. 

• U.S. policy
• support
• Toussaint Louverture
• less willing
• fearful

Starting in late 1801, France's ​ (a)   began to reverse the ban on ​ (b)   decreed in 

1794 and to strike out against ​ (c)   and the new leadership in Saint-Domingue. For the 

Haitian revolutionaries, it became increasingly clear that ​ (d)   aimed to bring about a return to 

​ . That threat led to outright war between French and Haitian forces, a war that ended with 

Haitian independence in ​ (e)    

• Napoleon Bonaparte
• enslavement
• Toussaint Louverture
• Napoleon
• January 1804.