Revision

Long read genome sequencing can help...

• Resolve the sequence of repetitive DNA

• Fill in gaps in genome assemblies

• More easily covert sequence reads into complete genome assemblies

Answer explanation

The reads produced are often long enough to span repetitive regions and gaps in genome assemblies, allowing them to be resolved. They can also speed up the production of draft genomes as you need fewer reads to cover the whole genome.

Oxford Nanopore long-read sequencing technology has a

• High error rate

• Low error rate

Answer explanation

Many long-read sequencing technologies have high error rates. This can be reduced using bioinformatic approaches or by combining with short-read sequencing.

iPSCs have more or less ethical issues than embryonic stem cells

• More

• Less

• Same

Answer explanation

iPSCs are derived from somatic cells so they do not have many of the ethical issues associated with embryonic stem cells, which are derived from unfertilised embryos.

Some important characteristics of model organisms are

• Easy to use

• Easy to genetically manipulate

• Cheap and easy to grow

• Smell nice

Metataxonomic analysis of microbial communities can tell you

• Who is there

• What the organisms are doing

• What genes they are expressing

• Whether they are resistant to antibiotics

Answer explanation

Metataxonomics looks at a single phylogenetic marker e.g., ITS in fungi. This allows you to determine which organisms are present but gives very little functional information.

Which gene is often used as a phylogenetic marker to study bacterial communities

• 16S rRNA

• 13S rRNA

• ITS

• Tubulin

Answer explanation

16S rRNA = bacteria and archaea

13S rRNA = eukaryotes

ITS = fungal

tubulin = red herring!

Allogenic iPSCs are derived from

• Patient

• Other donor

Answer explanation

Allogenic = donor other than the recipient

Autologous = derived from the patient

Digital droplet PCR is

• Does not require a standard curve

• Quantitative

• Cheaper than normal quantitative PCR

• Commonly used to amplify genes for cloning

The best method to generate a de novo genome assembly is

• short-read sequencing

• long-read sequencing

• a combination of both

Answer explanation

Long read sequencing is excellent for creating de novo assemblies but is often error prone. Short read sequencing is very accurate and can be used to identify errors in long reads before genome assembly.

Oxford nanopore sequencing relies upon

• fluorescently labelled dye terminators

• detecting changes in voltage as bases pass through a nanopore

• google

• a crystal ball