5.3-5.5 review AP world History

Which of the following most directly explains the importance of improved agricultural productivity to the industrialization of economic production in western Europe in the period 1750–1900 ?

• Because the nutritional quality of food greatly improved, more people were able to sustain the long working hours that factory labor required.

• Because less labor was needed on farms, more people moved to urban areas to work in factories.

• Because farmers needed less land to produce the same amount of food, they could build textile factories on the excess land.

• Because greater quantities of food could be sold at higher prices, governments could tax farmers at higher rates and use those revenues to build factories.

“By the end of the nineteenth century, Germany had advanced beyond Britain in terms of economic output. The prime reason for this development was that Germany developed newer industries, while Britain continued to stress textile production. Formerly an agricultural country, the German Empire has come to be regarded as one of the leading industrial nations of the world and, in the chemical industries, Germany has for some time occupied a leading place.

One of the most successful chemical and pharmaceutical firms in Germany is the Bayer company. Bayer employs 3,500 people alone at its plant in Leverkusen,* and the factory is so gigantic that all of these people are barely noticed when a visitor tours it. The laboratories are arranged very much in the same manner as the university laboratories in Britain. Each workstation receives a supply of electricity, compressed air, steam, and hot and cold water. The research chemists are paid a salary of about 100 British pounds for the first year. If a chemist has shown himself to be useful in his first year, he may receive a longer contract and may receive royalties on any processes that he invented.”

*a city located in west-central Germany near Cologne; until the development of the German chemical industry in the late nineteenth century, Leverkusen was a small rural community.

Harold Baron, British historian, book describing the chemical industry of Europe, published in 1909

The emergence of the German industries referred to in the passage is most directly explained by which of the following processes in the nineteenth century?

• The spread of new industrial technologies such as the internal combustion engine from the United States

• The development of new methods of production during the second industrial revolution

• The greater diversity of manufactured goods produced by industrial factories

• The growing importance of using coal as fuel in industrial production

“By the end of the nineteenth century, Germany had advanced beyond Britain in terms of economic output. The prime reason for this development was that Germany developed newer industries, while Britain continued to stress textile production. Formerly an agricultural country, the German Empire has come to be regarded as one of the leading industrial nations of the world and, in the chemical industries, Germany has for some time occupied a leading place.

Great Britain’s development of the industry referred to in the first paragraph during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries is best explained by the fact that British factories were the first to

• use steam-powered machines for large-scale economic production

• use natural resources from colonies to create finished products

• use coerced labor for producing manufactured goods

• take advantage of mercantilist economic policies to protect themselves from foreign competition

Which of the following developments in the nineteenth century would most likely help explain the size and composition of the workforce at the Bayer plant as described in the second paragraph?

• The construction of railroads facilitated the migration of people to interior regions.

• The invention of steamships facilitated the migration of colonial subjects to imperial metropoles.

• The invention of the telegraph made it easier for companies to recruit educated workers from across the world.

• The invention of the telegraph made it easier for companies to recruit educated workers from across the world.

  The discovery of electricity made rural communities more attractive places to live for wealthy urbanites.

The industrialization of Great Britain’s economy in the mid-eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries is most directly explained by which of the following?

• Britain had large reserves of petroleum.

• British scientists were the first to discover electricity.

• Britain had large reserves of coal.

• British engineers developed new methods of producing cheaper steel.

Which of the following historical processes after 1750 contributed most directly to a change in Safavid production and export patterns as described in the passage?

• Economic liberalization

• European industrialization

• The abolition of slavery

• The global silver trade

Many historians have argued that by the late nineteenth century the industrialized nations of Europe had achieved global economic dominance more through force and coercion than through the superiority of their industrial products. Which of the following nineteenth-century developments would best support this contention?

• The growth of industrial production in North America

• The growth of South American agricultural exports

• The abolition of slavery in the Americas

• The decline of the Indian textile industry’s share of global manufacturing

The development of the factory system most directly explains which of the following characteristics of the Industrial Revolution in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries?

• The higher degree of educational achievement among workers

• A decline in the diversity of consumer goods

• Large increases in the prices of most consumer goods

• The greater degree of labor specialization

Adoption of which of the following power sources has contributed the most to increasing the energy available to humans?

• Draft animals

• Wind power

• Fossil fuels

• Nuclear power

Question

Image 1 best illustrates which of the following broad economic transformations in the period circa 1750 ?

• The transition from an industrial to a postindustrial economy

• The transition from a human- and animal-powered economy to a fossil-fuel economy

• The transition from the First Industrial Revolution to the Second Industrial Revolution

• The transition from guild-system manufacturing to putting-out-system manufacturing