All signals and receptors are the same in all cells.

• True

• False

All cells have the same response to the same signal.

• True

• False

Adrenaline is released from your adrenal glands to affect various systems in the body. This is an example of ____ signaling.

• juxtacrine (direct cell to cell contact)

• endocrine (long distance)

• paracrine (short distance)

• autocrine (self-signaling)

Tags

NGSS.HS-LS1-3

Which are two widely used second messengers in many signal transduction pathways? (choose both)

• cAMP

• G-protein

• Ca²⁺

• adrenaline/epinephrine

What type of signaling is shown here?

• autocrine (self-signaling)

• juxtacrine (direct cell-to-cell contact)

• endocrine (long-distance)

• paracrine (short distance)

What determines whether a signal molecule binds on the surface or enters the cell?

• size

• polarity

• ability to cross the membrane

• all of these

Protein kinases can activate a protein by transferring a phosphate group to it. What is the benefit of pathways containing phosphorylation cascades with many kinases?

• they increase signal reception

• they create 2nd messengers

• they increase amplification of the response

• they terminate the signal transduction pathway

Many cancer cells signal themselves to grow and divide. This is an example of ______ signaling.

• endocrine (long distance)

• autocrine (self-signaling)

• paracrine (short distance)

• hormone (long distance)

After a cellular response is achieved, how is it terminated?

• the ligand and receptor separate

• block the transduction pathway

• the cell will keep responding

• send out a different signal

Tags

NGSS.HS-LS1-3

Which of the following would NOT result in the inhibition of this pathway?

• A change in the shape of the receptor

• The presence of a competitive ligand

• Increase in hormone concentration

• Loss of second messenger production