APWH Unit 3 MC

The illustrated history was prepared for the Mughal emperor Akbar in the late sixteenth century.

Which of the following best explains the process illustrated in the image?

• States increasingly relied on slave soldiers to establish large empires.

• The invention of the stirrup allowed expanding states to use cavalry more effectively.

• The development of new types of armor reduced casualties and allowed states to expand faster than before.

• States used gunpowder weapons to establish large empires.

Answer explanation

The image illustrates the Mughals using cannons against the forces of the sultan of Delhi. Gunpowder weapons were a decisive factor in the Mughal victory in this battle and in their other conquests in Central Asia and India.

The illustrated history was prepared for the Mughal emperor Akbar in the late sixteenth century.

Which of the following explains the most common effect that the process illustrated in the image had on relationships between states in Afro-Eurasia in the period 1450–1750 ?

• It led to deepening rivalries and conflicts as states’ military capabilities grew.

• It led to the emergence of new religious disputes over theological interpretations.

• It led to the establishment of pan-Eurasian nomadic empires, such as the Mongol Empire.

• It led to the adoption of feudal systems of government, as monarchs could not prevent the rising power of military aristocracies.

Answer explanation

The image shows gunpowder weapons contributing to the expansion of the Mughal Empire as a result of its conflict with the Delhi Sultanate. In a similar way, the Ottomans used gunpowder weapons to defeat the Safavids and expand their territory in the Middle East, which drove the Safavids to acquire more gunpowder weapons and improve their armies to resist Ottoman expansion and reconquer lost territories.

The illustrated history was prepared for the Mughal emperor Akbar in the late sixteenth century.

The methods of warfare shown in the image were instrumental in explaining the territorial expansion of all of the following land-based empires EXCEPT

• the Safavid Empire

• the Qing (Manchu) Empire

• the Aztec (Mexica) Empire

• the Ottoman Empire

Answer explanation

Although the Aztec (Mexica) created a very large empire in the fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries from their power base in the valley of Mexico, they did so without the use of gunpowder weapons. Gunpowder weapons were first introduced to the Americas with the arrival of the Spanish at the end of the fifteenth century.

The image shows Ottoman officials forcibly enlisting boys from the empire’s Christian subjects in the Balkans to train them for service in the Ottoman army and bureaucracy.

The Ottoman Empire’s recruitment of soldiers and bureaucrats through the system depicted in the image is most similar to which broader method that rulers used to strengthen their empires in the period 1450–1750 ?

• The collection of tribute

• Establishment of religious uniformity

• Abolition of feudal privileges

• The granting of autonomy to minority groups

Answer explanation

The image illustrates the Ottoman devshirme system, through which young boys were forcibly recruited to serve as soldiers in the Ottoman army or as officials in the Ottoman administration. Although the devshirme system produced military and bureaucratic professionals, not money or goods for the Ottoman treasury, it was similar to a tribute collection system in that it extracted resources for the use of the state from conquered or tributary regions.

The image shows Ottoman officials forcibly enlisting boys from the empire’s Christian subjects in the Balkans to train them for service in the Ottoman army and bureaucracy.

The recruitment depicted in the image is best understood in the context of which of the following developments in the period 1450–1750 ?

• Attempts by imperial states to expand their economic power

• Attempts by imperial states to prevent religious conflict

• Attempts by imperial states to centralize their authority

• Attempts by imperial states to control population growth

Answer explanation

The forced recruitment of soldiers and officials through practices such as the Ottoman devshirme increased the military and administrative capacity of states. In some cases, such that of the Ottoman Empire, these soldiers and officials were solely dependent on the ruler’s favor and thereby helped expand and centralize state authority.

The image shows Ottoman officials forcibly enlisting boys from the empire’s Christian subjects in the Balkans to train them for service in the Ottoman army and bureaucracy.

The inclusion of the image in the manuscript best illustrates which of the following features of the period 1450–1750 ?

• Rulers using art as a way to communicate with their illiterate subjects

• Rulers using art to expand their territories

• Rulers using art as a way to increase literacy

• Rulers using art to legitimize their rule

Answer explanation

The illustration was included in a manuscript intended to glorify the achievements of Suleiman the Magnificent and thereby demonstrate his legitimacy. The image thus illustrates how art was used by rulers to legitimize their rule in the period 1450–1750.

Which of the following describes a major cause of the expansion of the Ottoman Empire in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries?

• The Ottoman Empire successfully pursued mercantilist economic policies.

• Ottoman citizens unified by their recent conversion to Islam were strongly motivated to conquer.

• Exploitation of artillery and small arms gave the Ottomans advantages over many of their political rivals.

• The decentralized federalism of the Ottoman Empire encouraged competition and technological innovation.

From 1400 to 1750, Eurasian rulers sponsored the arts primarily for which of the following reasons?

• To display power and legitimize their rule

• To spend excess money collected in taxes

• To encourage tourism and pilgrimages

• To increase employment opportunities for struggling artists

The portrait of Emperor Jahangir was most likely a symbolic representation of which of the following?

• The Mughal Empire’s scientific achievements

• The expanding power of the Mughal Empire

• The extended travels of Emperor Jahangir to Eurasian pilgrimage sites

• The Mughal Empire’s control of global trade networks

Answer explanation

The image of the Mughal emperor Jahangir, whose name in Persian means “holder of the world,” holding a globe is a symbolic representation of the growing power and territorial expansion of the Mughal Empire.

Which of the following was the most likely purpose of the portraits of the emperor?

• To demonstrate the Mughal Empire’s conversion to Islam

• To honor the continued influence of Hellenistic art forms in India

• To represent the Mughal belief in the emperor’s divinity

• To glorify his rule through the sponsorship of artworks

Answer explanation

Mughal rulers often sponsored works of art and architecture to illustrate their power and glorify their rule.