Chapter 16: Judiciary Vocabulary

The power of courts to declare laws unconstitutional

• Judicial Review

• State Review

• Supremacy

• Approach Review

The view that judges should decide cases strictly on the basis of the language of the laws and the Constitution

• Nominee Approach

• Judicial Restraint Approach

• Constitutional Approach

• System Approach

The view that judges should discern the general principles underlying laws or the Constitution and apply them to modern circumstances

• National Supremacy

• Justice Approach

• Activist Approach

• Economical Approach

A federal court authorized by Article III of the Constitution that keeps judges in office during good behavior and prevents their salaries from being reduced.

• Structural Court

• District Court

• Legislative Court

• Constitutional Court

The lowest federal courts; federal trials can be held only here

• District Courts

• Legislative Courts

• Appeal Courts

• Structure Courts

Federal courts that hear appeals from district courts; no trials

• District Court

• Court of Appeals

• Influencer Court

• Ideology Court

Courts created by Congress for specialized purposes whose judges do not enjoy the protections of Article III of the Constitution

• Military Courts

• Congressional Courts

• Legislative Courts

• Court of Appeals

An examination of the political ideology of a nominated judge

• Litmus Test

• Courtesy Test

• Background Test

• Ideology Test

Cases concerning the Constitution, federal laws, or treaties

• Diversity Cases

• Regulatory Cases

• Writ of Certiorari

• Federal-question Cases

Cases involving citizens of different states who can bring suit in federal courts

• Diversity Cases

• Citizen Cases

• Federal Cases

• Jurisdiction Cases