Force and Motion DCFA Q3 Illuminate

Galaxies

A galaxy is a huge collection of gas, dust, and stars. It is thought that galaxies form when small stars and dust clouds spinning in space collide and join with other dust clouds. Not all galaxies look the same. Each galaxy is classified as either spiral, barred spiral, elliptical, or irregular.

●  Spiral galaxies have a defined center with protruding arms.

●  Barred spiral galaxies are much like spiral galaxies, except they have a line of stars along their center.

●  Elliptical galaxies are long, spherical-shaped galaxies without a defined middle.

●  Irregular galaxies have no defined shape.

Students are investigating Earth's galaxy, the Milky Way galaxy, to understand the role of gravity within galaxies. The Milky Way is a barred spiral galaxy with arms spiraling around the center. The center of the Milky Way galaxy is a massive black hole. The Milky Way galaxy is in constant motion. The stars, solar systems, and other components remain in continuous orbit. For their investigation, the students create a model of a galaxy. They want to use their model to investigate the importance of gravity in galaxies. The picture shows their model.

Which statement BEST explains the orbital motion of stars within a galaxy?

• The dust and gas in a galaxy allow stars to easily move in orbit.

• Gravitational forces from within the center of a galaxy cause stars to orbit.

• The black hole at the center of a galaxy pushes stars away from its center.

• The shape of a galaxy prevents stars from moving too far away from its center.

Tags

NGSS.MS-ESS1-2

NGSS.MS-PS2-4

Galaxies

A galaxy is a huge collection of gas, dust, and stars. It is thought that galaxies form when small stars and dust clouds spinning in space collide and join with other dust clouds. Not all galaxies look the same. Each galaxy is classified as either spiral, barred spiral, elliptical, or irregular.

●  Spiral galaxies have a defined center with protruding arms.

●  Barred spiral galaxies are much like spiral galaxies, except they have a line of stars along their center.

●  Elliptical galaxies are long, spherical-shaped galaxies without a defined middle.

●  Irregular galaxies have no defined shape.

Students are investigating Earth's galaxy, the Milky Way galaxy, to understand the role of gravity within galaxies. The Milky Way is a barred spiral galaxy with arms spiraling around the center. The center of the Milky Way galaxy is a massive black hole. The Milky Way galaxy is in constant motion. The stars, solar systems, and other components remain in continuous orbit. For their investigation, the students create a model of a galaxy. They want to use their model to investigate the importance of gravity in galaxies. The picture shows their model.

What holds Earth's solar system together?

• The massive amount of gas and dust forces the solar system together.

• The gravitational pull from other galaxies holds the solar system together.

• The spiral arms of the galaxy hold the solar system together and prevent it from falling apart.

• The gravitational force of the Sun causes planets to orbit it and holds the solar system together.

Tags

NGSS.MS-ESS1-2

NGSS.MS-PS2-4

Drag and drop the choices into the correct positions to label the model. Each choice may only be used once.

a

b

c

d

Galaxy

Solar System

Sun

Planet

Tags

NGSS.MS-ESS1-1

Galaxies

A galaxy is a huge collection of gas, dust, and stars. It is thought that galaxies form when small stars and dust clouds spinning in space collide and join with other dust clouds. Not all galaxies look the same. Each galaxy is classified as either spiral, barred spiral, elliptical, or irregular.

●  Spiral galaxies have a defined center with protruding arms.

●  Barred spiral galaxies are much like spiral galaxies, except they have a line of stars along their center.

●  Elliptical galaxies are long, spherical-shaped galaxies without a defined middle.

●  Irregular galaxies have no defined shape.

Students are investigating Earth's galaxy, the Milky Way galaxy, to understand the role of gravity within galaxies. The Milky Way is a barred spiral galaxy with arms spiraling around the center. The center of the Milky Way galaxy is a massive black hole. The Milky Way galaxy is in constant motion. The stars, solar systems, and other components remain in continuous orbit. For their investigation, the students create a model of a galaxy. They want to use their model to investigate the importance of gravity in galaxies. The picture shows their model.

Which statement describes the relationship between Earth, Earth's solar system, and the Milky Way galaxy?

• The Milky Way galaxy is part of the solar system that contains Earth.

• The solar system orbits Earth, which is located in the Milky Way galaxy.

• Earth is part of a solar system that orbits a larger system called the Milky Way galaxy.

• Earth, the solar system, and the Milky Way galaxy orbit one another in the larger universe.

Tags

NGSS.MS-ESS1-1

NGSS.MS-ESS1-2

Softball Batting

A coed softball team is designing a batting and pitching plan for their season, including which bats the team will purchase and use. The coach is deciding which option is best for each player on the team. The coach would like for her choices to help the players successfully hit the ball as far as possible.

The coach is looking at wooden bats and aluminum bats that are the same mass. She learns that aluminum bats are swung an average of 10.0 miles per hour faster than wooden bats because of the material. Should the coach use this information to decide the material of the bat? Explain.

• No. The material of the bat is not important. The force depends solely on the speed of the ball, not on the speed of the swing.

• No. The material of the bat is not important. The bats are all the same mass, so they will collide with the ball with the same force.

• Yes. The coach should choose the aluminum bats because a bat that is traveling faster will collide with the ball with a greater force.

• Yes. The coach should choose the wooden bats because a slower swing means there is more potential energy, which results in a greater force.

Tags

NGSS.MS-PS2-1

NGSS.MS-PS3-5

A fastball is a type of pitch that results from having a pitcher throw the ball as fast as possible. This type of pitch is most common because the ball is hard to hit when it is traveling fast. How could this type of pitch benefit the batter?

• A faster-moving ball has less energy before it hits the bat, so it will have more energy as it bounces off the bat.

• A faster-moving ball has less energy before it hits the bat, so it will have less energy as it bounces off the bat.

• A faster-moving ball has more energy before it hits the bat, so it will have less energy as it bounces off the bat.

• A faster-moving ball has more energy before it hits the bat, so it will have more energy as it bounces off the bat.

Tags

NGSS.MS-PS3-1

NGSS.MS-PS3-4

NGSS.MS-PS3-5

Which statement BEST describes the conditions in which the ball will travel the farthest when hit?

• when the collision force is greatest because a greater force will cause the ball to travel farther

• when the mass of the ball is greatest because a greater mass will cause the ball to travel farther

• when the air resistance is greatest because a greater resistance will cause the ball to travel farther

• when the speed of the pitch is greatest because a greater pitch speed will cause the ball to travel farther

Tags

NGSS.MS-PS2-1

NGSS.MS-PS2-2

The coach has decided to purchase two bats. One bat is 0.85 kg and the other bat is 0.94 kg. Use the drop-down menus to describe which players should use which bat.

The stronger players that can swing both bats at the same speed should choose the bat that is ​ (a)   . This is because the bat with ​ (b)    will have a greater collision force with the ball. Players should choose the other bat that has​ (c)    if they can swing this bat ​ (d)   . This is because a bat that is moving ​ (e)   will also result in a greater collision force with the ball.

• heavier
• more mass
• less mass
• much faster
• faster
• much slower

Tags

NGSS.MS-PS2-1

NGSS.MS-PS2-2

NGSS.MS-PS3-1

Barringer Meteor Crater

About 50,000 years ago, a fireball streaked across the sky over what is now the southwestern United States. The fireball fell to Earth. With a mighty crash, the meteorite slammed into the Earth’s surface near where Winslow, Arizona stands today. The crater that formed during the impact is still visible and is called the Barringer Meteor Crater. This crater is about 1.2 km in diameter and 170 m deep.

When a meteorite strikes a surface, the debris blasted out of the crater is called ejecta. Newton’s third law explains why this happens. When a meteorite strikes Earth, the kinetic energy in the meteorite is transferred to Earth. Newton’s third law states that the force exerted by the first object on the second object is equal in strength to the force that the second object exerts on the first, but in the opposite direction. One way scientists quantify the energy from the impact is to measure the distance between the crater and the matter that was thrown or ejected. The Barringer Meteor Crater has a ring of ejecta about 3.2 km in diameter.

Q67. Maria builds a model to show what happens when different sized meteorites strike a surface. The model consists of a pan with 2 inches of flour evenly spread across the pan. Brown cocoa powder is sprinkled on the surface to make it easier to see how far flour is thrown from the impact. Maria uses a glass marble, a steel ball, and a golf ball to represent three different meteorites. She drops each from 1 meter. Drag and drop the description of each crater to the meteorite that makes that crater.

• small crater with ejecta far from crater

• Golf Ball

• large crater with ejecta far from crater

• Glass Marble

• small crater with ejecta close to the crater

• Steel Ball

Tags

NGSS.MS-PS2-1

NGSS.MS-PS3-5

The Chicxulub Impact Crater was caused by a meteorite that struck Earth about 65 million years ago. The image shows the location of this crater.

Why would scientists think that the Chicxulub Impact Crater was caused by a much larger meteorite than the Barringer Meteor Crater?

• Larger meteorites produce less force on impact than smaller meteorites, resulting in smaller craters.

• Larger meteorites produce more force on impact than smaller meteorites, resulting in larger craters.

• Larger meteorites produce less force on impact than smaller meteorites, resulting in larger craters.

• Larger meteorites produce more force on impact than smaller meteorites, resulting in smaller craters.

Tags

NGSS.MS-ESS3-2

NGSS.MS-PS2-4