Cancer Biology_CH3_3377

What is the first stage of multistage carcinogenesis?

• Initiation

• Promotion

• Progression

• Metastasis

Which of the following is not a mutagenic agent?

• Ultraviolet radiation

• Benzene

• Asbestos

• Hormones

The conversion of a normal cell into a pre-neoplastic cell is called:

• Initiation

• Promotion

• Progression

• Metastasis

Which of the following is a tumor suppressor gene?

• Ras

• HER2

• TP53

• BCL2

Which stage of multistage carcinogenesis is characterized by clonal expansion of pre-neoplastic cells?

• Initiation

• Promotion

• Progression

• Metastasis

Which of the following is a characteristic of high-risk genes?

• Low penetrance

• High frequency in the population

• Confer a high risk of cancer when mutated

• Highly conserved throughout evolution

Which of the following is an example of a high-risk gene?

• BRCA1

• TP53

• PTEN

• APC

Which type of genes act as brakes on cell growth and division?

• High-risk genes

• Oncogenes

• Tumor suppressor genes

• Housekeeping genes

Which of the following is an example of a mitogen?

• Ultraviolet radiation

• Benzene

• Estrogen

• Asbestos

Mutagenic factors can cause:

• Increased cell proliferation

• DNA damage

• Tissue repair

• Increased hormone production