AP Psych Review: Learning

What type of conditioning involves pairing a neutral stimulus with a stimulus that already causes an automatic response?

• operant conditioning

• classical conditioning

• positive reinforcement

• negative reinforcement

• conjoined conditioning

What type of conditioning involves either providing or taking away a stimulus after an organism responds and then watching to see if the organism repeats that response?

• operant conditioning

• classical conditioning

• positive reinforcement

• negative reinforcement

• secondary reinforcement

Which type of conditioning is most likely the common practice of providing rewards for desired behaviors?

• observational learning

• classical conditioning

• positive conditioning

• advantage learning

• operant conditioning

Which of the following summaries best describes classical conditioning?

• Adding a stimulus or removing a stimulus after a response in order to influence an organism's behavior.

• Waiting until an organism does something close to what the researcher wants it to do and giving the organism a reward.

• Finding a stimulus that automatically causes a response and pairing that with a new stimulus.

• Determining what the unconditioned response the researcher wants to condition and then figuring out the best reinforcement.

• Experimenting with the most effective, traditional schedule of reinforcement.

Which of the following summaries best describes operant conditioning?

• Examine how an organism interprets an event, and then modify the event to better match the organism's cognitive interpretation of the event.

• Rewarding an organism will strengthen the researcher's relationship with that organism, and the organism will be more likely to do what the researcher wants.

• When a researcher finds a stimulus that automatically causes an organism to do something, he or she pairs that stimulus with a new, neutral stimulus.

• A researcher figures out what he or she wants the organism to do and then gives the organism something it wants when it gets close to that behavior.

• Punish an organism via conditioned stimuli until the behavior conforms to desired parameters.

What term would a behaviorist use for an external event or object that elicits a behavior in an organism?

• punishment

• stimulus

• instinct

• response

• reinforcement

Which of the following is the best definition of a stimulus?

• An external event or object that elicits a behavior in an organism

• An external object that increases the chance an organism will repeat a behavior.

• Energy or a chemical that activates one of the human senses.

• A physical reaction or behavior elicited by an external event or object

• An external object that decreases the chance an organism will repeat a behavior.

Which term would a learning researcher use for a physical reaction or behavior elicited by an external event or object?

• punishment

• stimulus

• instinct

• response

• reinforcement

Which of the following is the best example of a response?

• A cognitive interpretation or a memory of an event

• An external event or object that elicits a behavior in an organism.

• A long-term change in behavior caused by past experiences

• External energy or chemicals that are changed into neural impulses

• A physical reaction or behavior elicited by an external event or object.

Which term describes something that automatically causes a physical reaction?

• Conditioned stimulus

• Unconditioned stimulus

• Conditioned response

• Unconditioned response

• Behavior contingency