APWH General Review

Which of the following led most directly to the development of the trading network on the map?

• The emergence of the trans-Atlantic slave trade in West Africa

• The overall decline in the trade of goods along the Silk Roads

• Innovations in transportation and commercial technologies such as caravanserai & the side saddle

• The growth of trading cities on the Swahili Coast

Q: In the period after circa 1450, trade along the routes shown on the map declined in large part because of the:

• collapse of European economies in the wake of the bubonic plague

• disruption caused by the adoption of new gunpowder weapons

• decrease in the demand for African manufactured goods in Europe

• increase of maritime trade along the African coast

“[Under the Song dynasty], the number of men who were granted degrees [by passing the imperial examinations] suddenly rose, indicating a similar rise in the number of candidates. This was made possible by an increase in China’s productive power and the consequent accumulation of wealth. . . . A new class appeared in China [under the Song], comparable to the middle class in early modern Europe. In China this newly risen class concentrated hard on scholarship. . . ."

Q: All of the following developments in SONG DYNASTY CHINA were important factors in the accumulation of wealth outlined in the paragraph above EXCEPT:

• increased Chinese involvement in the Indian Ocean trade

• an increase in agricultural production in China

• an increase in technological innovations in China

• increased Chinese production of manufactured goods

1. Scientists have reached general agreement in recognizing that mankind is one: that all men belong to the same species, Homo sapiens. . . .

10. The scientific material available to us at present does not justify the conclusion that inherited genetic differences are a major factor in producing differences between the cultures and cultural achievements of different peoples or groups. . . .

14. The biological fact of race and the myth of “race” should be distinguished. For all practical social purposes “race” is not so much a biological phenomenon as a social myth. The myth of “race” has created an enormous amount of human and social damage. In recent years it has taken a heavy toll in human lives and caused untold suffering.

-UN Educational, Scientific, & Cultural Organization (UNESCO), 1949

Q; The excerpts from the document above are an example of which of the following post-WWII developments?

• The efforts of international organizations to promote human rights

• The creation of institutions to aid the economic development of newly independent nations

• The escalation of violence and proxy wars between countries during the Cold War

• An increase in international migration in search of economic opportunities

“Wila Uma, the Inca general, addressed the Spanish [conquistadors] with the following words: ‘What are you doing to our ruler? This is how you repay his good will? Did he not command all of his people to give you tribute? Did he not give you a house filled with gold and silver? Did he not give you his servants to serve you? What more can he give you now that you have imprisoned him? All the people of this land are so distressed by your actions, because they have lost all they possess, and their distress leaves them no choice but to hang themselves or risk everything by rebelling. Thus, I believe it would be best for you to release him from this prison to lessen the grief of these people.’ . .

Q: The sentiments expressed by Wila Uma in the passage most clearly illustrate which of the following aspects of the Inca state?

• The extensive territorial extent of the empire

• The persistence of cultural diversity within the empire

• The influence of technological innovation in expanding the empire

• The importance of the Inca ruler to the empire

The image depicts a Confucian scholar and two female servants.

Q: Which of the following historical continuities is best reflected in the image?

• Chinese art incorporated elements of Central Asian nomadic life.

• Chinese art continued to emphasize traditional subjects and styles.

• Chinese art continued to stress the importance of technological innovation.

• Chinese art reflected European methods of painting.

“Many [Ottoman] Sunni religious scholars have labeled the Sufi whirling rituals* as ‘dancing,’ and have pronounced them forbidden, branding those who approve of them as infidels. The Sufis counter that these rituals are not dancing, arguing instead that they enliven the soul through a combination of music and movement, which, they say, allows them to focus on the spiritual aspects of religion. The common people flock to the Sufis, giving them offerings and gifts. Since their whirling rituals play a big part in their popularity, they will not abandon these practices anytime soon. The Sunni scholars have written many tracts and opinions against them . . . and this tug-of-war between the two parties has brought them into a vicious circle.”

Q: Which most directly strengthened Sunni religious scholars' role as official interpreters of Islamic doctrine within the Ottoman Empire?

• The establishment of the Mughal Empire in India

• The Ottoman conquest of Constantinople

• Ottoman sultans’ extensive conquests in Europe

• The Ottoman Empire’s rivalry with the Safavid Empire

“Last Will and Testament

I, Anna de São Jozé da Trindade (Afro-Brazilian female) Roman Catholic since baptism, always firm in the faith of the Catholic religion, declare the present Will in the following manner:

I declare that I was born on the Coast of Africa from where I was transported to the states of Brazil and the city of Salvador in the state of Bahia where I have lived until the present. I was a slave of Theodozia Maria da Cruz, who bought me as part of a parcel of slaves, and who freed me for the amount of one hundred mil-réis,* which I gave her in cash. And as a freed woman I have enjoyed this same freedom without the least opposition until the present time.

I declare that I was never married and always remained single. And in this state I had five children.

I declare that the goods I possess are the following: a slave by the name of Maria, whom I leave conditionally freed for the amount of sixty mil-réis, to be paid to my granddaughter.

I also possess a group of two-story houses with shops at street level and a basement below with lodgings, located on the Ladeira do Carmo, where I live on land belonging to me.”

Q: The above best supports which of the following?

• Women were the legal heads of the household in most families.

• Women contributed to the family income by weaving textiles.

• Slaves were permitted to maintain families of their own.

• A small number of women were able to acquire wealth and property on their own.

“Although I am a common woman, I have been the head of a family for some time, and I have fulfilled the various duties required as head of a family. Therefore, I automatically assumed that the government gave all heads of families equal rights regardless of sex. However, I recently found that this is not the case. I was told that I have no right to vote even for the local ward [neighborhood] assembly where I live because I am a woman. I was also told that for the same reason I am unable to sign or co-sign legal documents, although I have my registered legal seal. Thus there is a world of difference between male and female heads of families in terms of rights. But rights and duties should coexist together. It should logically be the case that if the head of family has the right to vote, she has an obligation to pay tax; but if there is no vote, there should be no tax obligation. However, I have to pay tax even though I have no right to vote. Considering this, I feel that my rights have been denied.”

Q: The TYPE OF GRIEVANCES outlined by the author in the passage was a key contributing factor in the outbreak of which of the following?

• The Haitian Revolution/War of Independence

• World War I

• World War II

• The American Revolution/War of Independence

Q: The overall trend in global carbon dioxide emissions as shown in the graph was primarily caused by the:

• increased use of petroleum and other fossil fuels

• destruction of rain forests and expansion of deserts

• development of genetically modified crops

• proliferation of nuclear weapons