In 1934 physicist Eugene Wigner posited the existence of a crystal consisting entirely of electrons in a honeycomb-like structure. The so-called Wigner crystal remained largely conjecture, however, until Feng Wang and colleagues announced in 2021 that they had captured an image of one. The researchers trapped electrons between two semiconductors and then cooled the apparatus, causing the electrons to settle into a crystalline structure. By inserting an ultrathin sheet of graphene above the crystal, the researchers obtained an impression—the first visual confirmation of the Wigner crystal. Which choice best states the main idea of the text?

Researchers have obtained the most definitive evidence to date of the existence of the Wigner crystal.

Researchers have identified an innovative new method for working with unusual crystalline structures.

Graphene is the most important of the components required to capture an image of a Wigner crystal.

It’s difficult to acquire an image of a Wigner crystal because of the crystal’s honeycomb structure.

When digging for clams, their primary food, sea otters damage the roots of eelgrass plants growing on the seafloor. Near Vancouver Island in Canada, the otter population is large and well established, yet the eelgrass meadows are healthier than those found elsewhere off Canada’s coast. To explain this, conservation scientist Erin Foster and colleagues compared the Vancouver Island meadows to meadows where otters are absent or were reintroduced only recently. Finding that the Vancouver Island meadows have a more diverse gene pool than the others do, Foster hypothesized that damage to eelgrass roots increases the plant’s rate of sexual reproduction; this, in turn, boosts genetic diversity, which benefits the meadow’s health overall. Which finding, if true, would most directly undermine Foster’s hypothesis?

At several sites not included in the study, eelgrass meadows’ health correlates negatively with the length of residence and size of otter populations.

At some sites in the study, eelgrass meadows are found near otter populations that are small and have only recently been reintroduced

At several sites not included in the study, there are large, well-established sea otter populations but no eelgrass meadows.

At some sites in the study, the health of plants unrelated to eelgrass correlates negatively with the length of residence and size of otter populations.

Among social animals that care for their young, such as chickens, macaque monkeys, and humans, newborns appear to show an innate attraction to faces and face-like stimuli. Elisabetta Versace and her colleagues used an image of three black dots arranged in the shape of eyes and a nose or mouth to test whether this trait also occurs in Testudo tortoises, which live alone and do not engage in parental care. They found that tortoise hatchlings showed a significant preference for the image, suggesting that ______ Which choice most logically completes the text?

researchers should not assume that an innate attraction to face-like stimuli is necessarily an adaptation related to social interaction or parental care.

face-like stimuli are likely perceived as harmless by newborns of social species that practice parental care but as threatening by newborns of solitary species without parental care.

researchers can assume that the attraction to face-like stimuli that is seen in social species that practice parental care is learned rather than innate.

newly hatched Testudo tortoises show a stronger preference for face-like stimuli than adult Testudo tortoises do.

Rabinal Achí is a precolonial Maya dance drama performed annually in Rabinal, a town in the Guatemalan highlands. Based on events that occurred when Rabinal was a city-state ruled by a king, ______ had once been an ally of the king but was later captured while leading an invading force against him. Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

Rabinal Achí tells the story of K’iche’ Achí, a military leader who

K’iche’ Achí, the military leader in the story of Rabinal Achí,

there was a military leader, K’iche’ Achí, who in Rabinal Achí

the military leader whose story is told in Rabinal Achí, K’iche’ Achí,

Having returned from the ocean to the stream where it was born, an adult salmon's life cycle ends when it spawns and dies, after which its offspring start the cycle anew. Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

an adult salmon spawns and dies, completing its life cycle,

an adult salmon's life cycle ends when it spawns and dies,

the spawning and death of an adult salmon complete its life cycle,

the life cycle of an adult salmon is complete when it spawns and die,

While popular depiction might characterize surfing as a summer sport, the reality is that winter conditions are considered better for surfing. Generated by seasonal storms far off the coast, ______ Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

winter swells reach the shore as large, predictable sets of waves that are highly prized by surfers.

surfers highly prize the large, predictable sets of waves that are created by winter swells.

the shore causes large winter swells to break in predictable sets of waves highly prized by surfers.

winter is highly prized by surfers for large swells that break in large, predictable sets of waves.

Slam poet Elizabeth Acevedo's debut novel The Poet X, winner of the 2018 National Book Award for Young People's Literature, is composed of ______ protagonist, fifteen-year-old Xiomara Batista. Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

poems putatively written by the novel's

poem's putatively written by the novel's

poem's putatively written by the novels'

poems putatively written by the novels'

Jan Gimsa, Robert Sleigh, and Ulrike Gimsa have hypothesized that the sail-like structure running down the back of the dinosaur Spinosaurus aegyptiacus improved the animal's success in underwater pursuits of prey species capable of making quick, evasive movements. To evaluate their hypothesis, a second team of researchers constructed two battery-powered mechanical models of S. aegyptiacus, one with a sail and one without, and subjected the models to a series of identical tests in a water-filled tank. Which finding from the model tests, if true, would most strongly support Gimsa and colleagues' hypothesis?

The model with a sail took significantly less time to complete a sharp turn while submerged than the model without a sail did.

The model with a sail took significantly longer to travel a specified distance while submerged than the model without a sail did.

The model with a sail displaced significantly more water while submerged than the model without a sail did.

The model with a sail had significantly less battery power remaining after completing the tests than the model without a sail did.

"Mr. Cornelius Johnson, Office-Seeker" is a 1900 short story by Paul Laurence Dunbar. In the story, the narrator describes Mr. Cornelius Johnson's appearance as conveying his exaggerated sense of his importance: ______ Which quotation from "Mr. Cornelius Johnson, Office-Seeker" most effectively illustrates the claim?

He carried himself always as if he were passing under his own triumphal arch.

The grey Prince Albert was scrupulously buttoned about his form, and a shiny top hat replaced the felt of the afternoon.

Mr. Cornelius Johnson always spoke in a large and important tone.

It was a beautiful day in balmy May and the sun shone pleasantly on Mr. Cornelius Johnson's very spruce Prince Albert suit of grey as he alighted from the train in Washington.

To understand how expressions of anger in reviews of products affect readers of those reviews, business scholar Dezhi Yin and colleagues measured study participants' responses to three versions of the same negative review—a control review expressing no anger, a review expressing a high degree of anger, and a review expressing a low degree of anger. Reviewing the data, a student concludes that the mere presence of anger in a review may not negatively affect readers' perceptions of the review, but a high degree of anger in a review does worsen readers' perceptions of the review. Which choice best describes data from the graph that support the student's conclusion?

Compared with participants who saw the control review, participants who saw the low-anger review rated the review as slightly more helpful, whereas participants who saw the high-anger review rated the review as less helpful.

On average, participants' ratings of the helpfulness of the review were substantially higher than were participants' ratings of the reviewed product regardless of which type of review participants had seen.

Participants who saw the low-anger review rated the review as slightly more helpful than participants who saw the control review did, but participants' attitude toward the reviewed product was slightly worse when participants saw the low-anger review than when they saw the no-anger review.

Compared with participants who saw the low-anger review, participants who saw the high-anger review rated the review as less helpful and had a less positive attitude toward the reviewed product.

Economists Kerwin Kofi Charles and Melvin Stephens Jr. investigated a variety of factors that influence voter turnout in the United States. Using survey data that revealed whether respondents voted in national elections and how knowledgeable respondents are about politics, Charles and Stephens claim that the likelihood of voting is driven in part by potential voters’ confidence in their assessments of candidates—essentially, the more informed voters are about politics, the more confident they are at evaluating whether candidates share their views, and thus the more likely they are to vote. Which choice best describes data in the graph that support Charles and Stephens’s claim?

At each point on the political orientation scale, high-information voters were more likely than low-information voters to vote.

Only low-information voters who identify as independents had a voting probability below 50%.

The closer that low-information voters are to the ends of the political orientation scale, the more likely they were to vote.

High-information voters were more likely to identify as strong Democrats or strong Republicans than low-information voters were.

To investigate the effect of lizard predation on spider populations, a student in a biology class placed spiders in two enclosures, one with lizards and one without, and tracked the number of spiders in the enclosures for 30 days. The student concluded that the reduction in the spider population count in the enclosure with lizards by day 30 was entirely attributable to the presence of the lizards. Which choice best describes data from the graph that weaken the student’s conclusion?

The spider population count also substantially declined by day 30 in the enclosure without lizards.

To investigate the effect of lizard predation on spider populations, a student in a biology class placed spiders in two enclosures, one with lizards and one without, and tracked the number of spiders in the enclosures for 30 days. The student concluded that the reduction in the spider population count in the enclosure with lizards by day 30 was entirely attributable to the presence of the lizards. Which choice best describes data from the graph that weaken the student’s conclusion?

The largest decline in spider population count in the enclosure with lizards occurred from day 1 to day 10.

The spider population count on day 30 was lower in the enclosure with lizards than in the enclosure without lizards.

Martin Dančák, Wewin Tjiasmanto, and colleagues have identified a new carnivorous plant species (Nepenthes pudica) in Indonesia. Like other carnivorous plants, N. pudica has pitfall traps, or pitchers, that capture prey, but unlike others, the pitchers of N. pudica are located underground. The researchers unearthed the new species on fairly dry ridges with surfaces that host few other plants and animals. Therefore, the researchers hypothesize that the N. pudica species likely ______ Which choice most logically completes the text?

evolved to have underground traps to access more prey than would surface traps.

is buried by nearby animals as they forage along the ridges for food.

formed pitchers early in development to absorb more moisture.

represents one of many undiscovered carnivorous plant species in the region.

In their book Smart Pricing, Jagmohan Raju and Z. John Zhang consider musicians' use of the nontraditional "pay as you wish" pricing model. This model generally offers listeners the choice to pay more or less than a suggested price for a song or album—or even to pay nothing at all. As the authors note, that's the option most listeners chose for an album by the band Harvey Danger. Only about 1% opted to pay for the album, resulting in earnings below the band's expectations. But the authors also discuss musician Jane Siberry, who saw significant earnings from her "pay as you wish" online music store as a result of many listeners choosing to pay more than the store's suggested prices. Hence, the "pay as you wish" model may ______ Which choice most logically completes the text?

prove financially successful for some musicians but disappointing for others.

hold greater financial appeal for bands than for individual musicians.

cause most musicians who use the model to lower the suggested prices of their songs and albums over time.

more strongly reflect differences in certain musicians' popularity than traditional pricing models do.

Gestures in painting are typically thought of as bold, expressive brushstrokes. In the 1970s, American painter Jack Whitten built a 12-foot (3.7-meter) tool he named the "developer" to apply paint to an entire canvas in one motion, resulting in his series of "slab" paintings from that decade. Whitten described this process as making an entire painting in "one gesture," signaling a clear departure from the prevalence of gestures in his work from the 1960s. Some art historians claim this shift represents "removing gesture" from the process. Therefore, regardless of whether using the developer constitutes a gesture, both Whitten and these art historians likely agree that ______ Which choice most logically completes the text?

Whitten's work from the 1960s exhibits many more gestures than his work from the 1970s does.

any tool that a painter uses to create an artwork is capable of creating gestures.

Whitten became less interested in exploring the role of gesture in his work as his career progressed.

Whitten's work from the 1960s is much more realistic than his work from the 1970s is.

Off-off-Broadway theaters emerged in the late 1950s as a rebellion against mainstream Broadway theaters in New York, freeing artists to create productions that were more experimental than typical Broadway shows. One such artist was playwright María Irene Fornés. Working with off-off Broadway theaters enabled Fornés not only to direct her own plays but also to direct them exactly as she intended them to be staged, regardless of how strange the results might have seemed to audiences accustomed to Broadway shows. In this way, Fornés ______ Which choice most logically completes the text?

illustrates the artistic opportunity offered by off-off Broadway theaters.

would have been more famous if she had created plays that were mainstream instead of experimental.

recognized that staging an off-off-Broadway play was more complicated than staging a Broadway play.

wrote plays that would have been too expensive to produce if someone else had directed the production.

As the name suggests, dramaturges originated in theater, where they continue to serve a variety of functions: conducting historical research for directors, compiling character biographies for actors, and perhaps most importantly, helping writers of plays and musicals to hone the works' stories and characters. Performance scholar Susan Manning observes that many choreographers, like playwrights and musical theater writers, are concerned with storytelling and characterization. In fact, some choreographers describe the dances they create as expressions of narrative through movement; it is therefore unsurprising that ______ Which choice most logically completes the text?

choreographers developing dances with narrative elements frequently engage dramaturges to assist in refining those elements.

some directors and actors rely too heavily on dramaturges to complete certain research tasks.

dramaturges can have a profound impact on the artistic direction of plays and musicals.

dances by choreographers who incorporate narrative elements are more accessible to audiences than dances by choreographers who do not.

Researchers Suchithra Rajendran and Maximilian Popfinger modeled varying levels of passenger redistribution from short-haul flights (flights of 50 to 210 minutes, from takeoff to landing) to high-speed rail trips. Planes travel faster than trains, but air travel typically requires 3 hours of lead time for security, baggage handling, and boarding that rail travel doesn't, so short-haul routes take similar amounts of time by air and by rail. However, the model suggests that as rail passenger volumes approach current capacity limits, long lead times emerge. Therefore, for rail to remain a viable alternative to short-haul flights, ______ Which choice most logically completes the text?

rail systems may need to schedule additional trains for these routes.

rail systems should offer fewer long-haul routes and airlines should offer more long-haul routes.

security, baggage handling, and boarding procedures used by airlines may need to be implemented for rail systems.

passengers who travel by rail for these routes will need to accept that lead times will be similar to those for air travel.

In many cultures, a handshake can create trust between people. Engineer Jo?o Avelino and his team are designing a robot to shake hands with a human in order to improve human-robot interactions. The robot hand adjusts its movements and pressure to better imitate the feel of a human hand. The researchers want the robot's handshake to feel realistic because ______ Which choice most logically completes the text?

lifelike handshakes may make people more comfortable interacting with robots.

people are less likely to interact with robots that don't look like humans.

it's easier to program a robot to perform handshakes than it is to program a robot to perform some other types of greetings.

the robot in the researchers' study may have uses other than interacting with humans.

Mathematician Claude Shannon is widely regarded as a foundational figure in information theory. His most important paper, "A Mathematical Theory of Communication," published in 1948 when he was employed at Bell Labs, utilized a concept called a "binary digit" (shortened to "bit") to measure the amount of information in any signal and determine the fastest rate at which information could be transmitted while still being reliably decipherable. Robert Gallagher, one of Shannon's colleagues, said that the bit was "[Shannon's] discovery, and from it the whole communications revolution has sprung." Which choice best describes the overall structure of the text?

It introduces a respected researcher, describes an aspect of his work, and suggests why the work is historically significant.

It names the company where an important mathematician worked, details the mathematician's career at the company, and provides an example of the recognition he received there.

It mentions a paper, offers a summary of the paper's findings, and presents a researcher's commentary on the paper.

It presents a theoretical concept, illustrates how the name of the concept has changed, and shows how the name has entered common usage.

Text 1 Soy sauce, made from fermented soybeans, is noted for its umami flavor. Umami—one of the five basic tastes along with sweet, bitter, salty, and sour—was formally classified when its taste receptors were discovered in the 2000s. In 2007, to define the pure umami flavor scientists Rie Ishii and Michael O'Mahony used broths made from shiitake mushrooms and kombu seaweed, and two panels of Japanese and US judges closely agreed on a description of the taste. Text 2 A 2022 experiment by Manon Jünger et al. led to a greater understanding of soy sauce's flavor profile. The team initially presented a mixture of compounds with low molecular weights to taste testers who found it was not as salty or bitter as real soy sauce. Further analysis of soy sauce identified proteins, including dipeptides, that enhanced umami flavor and also contributed to saltiness. The team then made a mix of 50 chemical compounds that re-created soy sauce's flavor. Based on the texts, if Ishii and O'Mahony (Text 1) and Jünger et al. (Text 2) were aware of the findings of both experiments, they would most likely agree with which statement?

The broths in the 2007 experiment most likely did not have a substantial amount of the dipeptides that played a key part in the 2022 experiment.

On average, the diets of people in the United States tend to have fewer foods that contain certain dipeptides than the diets of people in Japan have.

Chemical compounds that activate both the umami and salty taste receptors tend to have a higher molecular weight than those that only activate umami taste receptors.

Fermentation introduces proteins responsible for the increase of umami flavor in soy sauce, and those proteins also increase the perception of saltiness.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:·Maika'i Tubbs is a Native Hawaiian sculptor and installation artist.·His work has been shown in the United States, Canada, Japan, and Germany, among other places.·Many of his sculptures feature discarded objects.·His work Erasure (2008) includes discarded audiocassette tapes and magnets.·His work Home Grown (2009) includes discarded pushpins, plastic plates and forks, and wood.The student wants to emphasize a similarity between the two works. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

Like many of Tubbs's sculptures, both Erasure and Home Grown include discarded objects: Erasure uses audiocassette tapes, and Home Grown uses plastic forks.

Erasure (2008) uses discarded objects such as audiocassette tapes and magnets; Home Grown (2009), however, includes pushpins, plastic plates and forks, and wood.

Tubbs's work, which often features discarded objects, has been shown both within the United States and abroad.

Tubbs completed Erasure in 2008 and Home Grown in 2009.

Horizontal gene transfer occurs when an organism of one species acquires genetic material from an organism of another species through nonreproductive means. The genetic material can then be transferred "vertically" in the second species—that is, through reproductive inheritance. Scientist Atma Ivancevic and her team have hypothesized infection by invertebrate parasites as a mechanism of horizontal gene transfer between vertebrate species: while feeding, a parasite could acquire a gene from one host, then relocate to a host from a different vertebrate species and transfer the gene to it in turn. Which choice best describes the function of the underlined portion in the text as a whole?

It describes a means by which horizontal gene transfer might occur among vertebrates.

It explains why parasites are less susceptible to horizontal gene transfer than their hosts are.

It clarifies why some genes are more likely to be transferred horizontally than others are.

It contrasts how horizontal gene transfer occurs among vertebrates with how it occurs among Invertebrates.

The 1967 release of Harold Cruse's book The Crisis of the Negro Intellectual isolated him from almost all other scholars and activists of the American Civil Rights Movement—though many of those thinkers disagreed with each other, he nonetheless found ways to disagree with them all. He thought that activists who believed that Black people such as himself should culturally assimilate were naïve. But he also sharply criticized Black nationalists such as Marcus Garvey who wanted to establish independent, self-contained Black economies and societies, even though Cruse himself identified as a Black nationalist. Which choice best describes the function of the underlined sentence in the text as a whole?

It helps explain Cruse's position with respect to the community of civil rights thinkers.

It indicates that Cruse's reputation as a persistent antagonist of other scholars is undeserved.

It describes a controversy that Cruse's work caused within the Black nationalist movement.

It describes a direction that Cruse felt the Civil Rights Movement ought to take.

SAT Homework 9.3

Authored by Huong Mai

English

10th Grade

Used 3+ times

AI Actions

Add similar questions

Adjust reading levels

Convert to real-world scenario

Translate activity

More...

Content View

Student View

40 questions

Show all answers

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

1 min • 1 pt

As Mexico’s first president from an Indigenous community, Benito Juarez became one of the most ______ figures in his country’s history: among the many significant accomplishments of his long tenure in office (1858–1872), Juarez consolidated the authority of the national government and advanced the rights of Indigenous peoples.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

unpredictable

important

secretive

ordinary

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

1 min • 1 pt

Due to their often strange images, highly experimental syntax, and opaque subject matter, many of John Ashbery’s poems can be quite difficult to ______ and thus are the object of heated debate among scholars.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

delegate

compose

interpret

renounce

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

1 min • 1 pt

The Cambrian explosion gets its name from the sudden appearance and rapid diversification of animal remains in the fossil record about 541 million years ago, during the Cambrian period. Some scientists argue that this ______ change in the fossil record might be because of a shift in many organisms to body types that were more likely to be preserved.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

catastrophic

elusive

abrupt

imminent

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

1 min • 1 pt

During a 2014 archaeological dig in Spain, Vicente Lull and his team uncovered the skeleton of a woman from El Algar, an Early Bronze Age society, buried with valuable objects signaling a high position of power. This finding may persuade researchers who have argued that Bronze Age societies were ruled by men to ______ that women may have also held leadership roles.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

waive

concede

refute

require

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

1 min • 1 pt

Within baleen whale species, some individuals develop an accessory spleen—a seemingly functionless formation of splenetic tissue outside the normal spleen. Given the formation’s greater prevalence among whales known to make deeper dives, some researchers hypothesize that its role isn’t ______; rather, the accessory spleen may actively support diving mechanisms.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

replicable

predetermined

operative

latent

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

1 min • 1 pt

According to a US tax policy expert, state taxes are ______ other factors when considering an interstate move. Even significant differences in state taxation have almost no effect on most people’s decisions, while differences in employment opportunities, housing availability, and climate are strong influences.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

consistent with

representative of

overshadowed by

irrelevant to

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

1 min • 1 pt

The author’s claim about the relationship between Neanderthals and Homo sapiens is ______, as it fails to account for several recent archaeological discoveries. To be convincing, his argument would need to address recent finds of additional hominid fossils, such as the latest Denisovan specimens and Homo longi.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

disorienting

tenuous

nuanced

unoriginal

Access all questions and much more by creating a free account

Create resources

Host any resource

Get auto-graded reports

Continue with Google

Continue with Email

Continue with Classlink

Continue with Clever

or continue with

Microsoft

Apple

Others

Already have an account?

Similar Resources on Wayground

36 questions

KING SOLOMON'S MINES

Quiz

•

5th - 12th Grade

40 questions

2ºESO UNIT 4 & 5 REVISION T2

Quiz

•

9th - 12th Grade

37 questions

reading practice mock test

Quiz

•

3rd Grade - University

35 questions

ENVIRONMENT VOCABULARY

Quiz

•

10th Grade - Professi...

40 questions

Present Continuous vs Present Simple

Quiz

•

9th - 12th Grade

40 questions

Đề ôn thi tuyển sinh vào 10 - Đề 1 _ FUZI English Ms.Van

Quiz

•

8th - 10th Grade

45 questions

CONJ + PREP I MINI TEST 1

Quiz

•

4th Grade - Professio...

35 questions

Tenses

Quiz

•

10th Grade

Popular Resources on Wayground

15 questions

Fractions on a Number Line

Quiz

•

3rd Grade

20 questions

Equivalent Fractions

Quiz

•

3rd Grade

25 questions

Multiplication Facts

Quiz

•

5th Grade

54 questions

Analyzing Line Graphs & Tables

Quiz

•

4th Grade

$fractions$

22 questions

fractions

Quiz

•

3rd Grade

20 questions

Main Idea and Details

Quiz

•

5th Grade

20 questions

Context Clues

Quiz

•

6th Grade

15 questions

Equivalent Fractions

Quiz

•

4th Grade

Discover more resources for English

15 questions

Making Inferences

Quiz

•

7th - 12th Grade

15 questions

Main Idea and Supporting Details.

Quiz

•

4th - 11th Grade

20 questions

Figurative Language Review

Quiz

•

10th Grade

15 questions

Julius Caesar Act 1

Quiz

•

10th Grade

12 questions

IREAD Week 4 - Review

Quiz

•

3rd Grade - University

23 questions

Subject Verb Agreement

Quiz

•

9th Grade - University

18 questions

author's purpose

Quiz

•

10th Grade

15 questions

Types of Irony

Quiz

•

10th Grade

SAT Homework 9.3

Due to their often strange images, highly experimental syntax, and opaque subject matter, many of John Ashbery’s poems can be quite difficult to ______ and thus are the object of heated debate among scholars. Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

Access all questions and much more by creating a free account

Similar Resources on Wayground

Popular Resources on Wayground

Discover more resources for English

Due to their often strange images, highly experimental syntax, and opaque subject matter, many of John Ashbery’s poems can be quite difficult to ______ and thus are the object of heated debate among scholars.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?