Protein Synthesis

The central dogma of molecular biology is an explanation of the flow of genetic information within a biological system. It is a framework for understanding the transfer of genetic information between sequential information-carrying biopolymers. It traces the one-way flow from the nucleus out to the cell proper and the ribosome.

Select which model BEST represents central dogma?

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NGSS.HS-LS1-1

A simplified model of protein synthesis is shown here. How might this model be revised to show a more accurate depiction of protein synthesis?

• Prior to process 1, DNA should copy itself to allow the cell to divide.

• During process 2, showing that tRNA brings amino acids to match codons on the mRNA strand

• During process 2, the ribosome should remove any mutated nucleotides from the mRNA.

• After process 2, the completed protein should travel back to the nucleus.

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NGSS.HS-LS1-1

You are trying to explain to your classmate how DNA is used to make proteins. What should you include in your explanation?

Select ALL that apply.

• During transcription, DNA is used as a template to make a molecule of messenger RNA (mRNA) which then leaves the nucleus and goes to a ribosome in the cytoplasm.

• DNA contains all of the instructions an organism needs to live. DNA must travel to the ribosome where its code is read to make proteins.

• During translation, the genetic code in mRNA is read and used to put amino acids in place to make a protein.

• DNA contains all of the instructions an organism needs to live. DNA sequences must be converted into messages that can be used to produce proteins which do most of the work in our bodies.

• During transcription, the genetic code in mRNA is read and used to put nucleotides in place to make a protein.

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NGSS.HS-LS1-1

Given the sequence of DNA nucleotide bases TAGTAGTAG, give the complementary strand of mRNA produced during transcription.

• AAGGUAGUA

• GAGGAGGAG

• AAUCGGAAC

• AUCAUCAUC

The chart matches messenger RNA codons with amino acids. A DNA strand has the triplet AAT.

According to the chart, the corresponding messenger RNA codes for which amino acid?

• Alanine

• Leucine

• Glycine

• Serine

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NGSS.HS-LS1-1

Translation of the DNA sequence AAGCTGGGA would result in...

• an mRNA strand with the sequence UUGCACCCU.

• a sequence of three amino acids linked by peptide bonds.

• an mRNA strand with the sequence TTCGACCCT.

• a DNA strand with the base sequence TTCGACCCT.

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NGSS.HS-LS1-1

Identify the correct sequence of molecules, as a gene goes from coded information in the nucleus, to the product the cell wants to make.

• Protein -> messenger RNA -> transfer RNA -> DNA

• DNA -> messenger RNA -> transfer RNA -> protein

• DNA -> transfer RNA -> protein -> messenger RNA

• DNA -> transfer RNA -> messenger RNA -> protein

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NGSS.HS-LS1-1

The four organisms illustrated are all capable of various forms of asexual reproduction. What processes, involving DNA and RNA, are necessary for all four of these organisms to successfully make replicas of themselves?

• meiosis, replication, crossing over

• recombination, replication, cloning

• translation, transcription, transferral

• replication, transcription, translation

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NGSS.HS-LS1-4

When biologists speak of a universal genetic code they are referring to the fact that, in nearly all organisms...

• RNA information is transcribed.

• the DNA sequences are identical.

• phenotype is dependent upon genotype.

• RNA specifies proteins the same way.

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NGSS.HS-LS1-1

The codon chart shown here uses the three base sequence found on the mRNA molecule after the information is copied from DNA during transcription. Imagine that a protein is being assembled at the ribosome. What is the amino acid sequence for the codons GUU AAA?

• leucine - lysine

• valine - arginine

• valine - lysine

• leucine - arginine

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NGSS.HS-LS1-1