Consciousness Chapter 4 Quiz

You are on your way to college in a bus. The bus takes the usual route, and like always you take the seat in the last row next to the window. You look around and are aware of most of the things in your surroundings, but gradually you begin to drift and become less aware of your surroundings. What state of consciousness are you probably in? d. A preconscious state

• an altered state of consciousness

• A state of waking consciousness

• An unconscious state

• A preconscious state

Answer explanation

altered state of consciousness state in which there is a shift in the quality or pattern of mental activity as compared to waking consciousness.

Which structure situated inside the hypothalamus acts as an internal clock that tells people when to sleep and when to wake up?

• Pineal gland

• Suprachiasmatic nucleus

• Serotonin producing neurons

• Retinal ganglion cells

Answer explanation

The release of melatonin is influenced by a structure deep within the tiny hypothalamus in an area called the suprachiasmatic (SOO-prah-ki-AS-ma-tik) nucleus, the internal clock that tells people when to wake up and when to fall asleep. The suprachiasmatic nucleus, or SCN, is sensitive to changes in light. As daylight fades, the SCN tells the pineal gland (located in the base of the brain) to secrete melatonin As melatonin accumulates, a person will feel sleepy. As the light coming into the eyes increases (as it does in the morning), the SCN tells the pineal gland to stop secreting melatonin, allowing the body to awaken. That’s a lot of control for such a small part of the brain.

What role does body temperature play in inducing sleep

• People feel sleepier as body temperature rises.

• People feel sleepier as body temperature drops.

• There is no association between body temperature and sleep.

• Very high and very low body temperature induces sleep.

Answer explanation

Body temperature plays a part in inducing sleep, too. The suprachiasmatic nucleus, as part of the hypothalamus, controls body temperature. The higher the body temperature, the more alert people are; the lower the temperature, the sleepier they are. When people are asleep at night, their body temperature is at its lowest level. Be careful: The research on the effects of serotonin and body temperature on sleep is correlational, so we cannot assume causation, and there are many different factors involved in sleep.

Tags

NGSS.HS-LS1-3

According to the _______ of sleep, sleep serves to replenish chemicals and repair cellular damage.

• Neurophysiological theory

• Adjustment theory

• Adaptive theory

• Restorative theory

Answer explanation

The other major theory of why organisms sleep is called restorative theory, which states that sleep is necessary to the physical health of the body. During sleep, chemicals that were used up during the day’s activities are replenished, other chemicals that were secreted in excess and could become toxic if left in the system are removed, and cellular damage is repaired. As discussed earlier, brain plasticity is enhanced by sleep, and there is evidence that most bodily growth and repair occur during the deepest stages of sleep, when enzymes responsible for these functions are secreted in higher amounts.

A lot of car accidents occur when drivers have had very little or no sleep. This is because while driving they

• go through microsleep periods.

• daydream.

• violate traffic rules.

• are stressed.

Answer explanation

Sleep deprivation, or loss of sleep, is a serious problem, which many people have without realizing it. Students, for example, may stay up all night to study for an important test the next day. In doing so, they will lose more information than they gain, as a good night’s sleep is important for memory and the ability to think well. to Learning Objective PIA.5. Even a few nights of poor sleep have serious consequences for mental and physical functioning . Some typical symptoms of sleep deprivation include trembling hands, inattention, staring off into space, droopy eyelids, and general discomfort , as well as emotional symptoms such as irritability and even depression.

A bodily cycle that occurs in a 24-hour period is called

• a circadian rhythm

• a biological rhythm

• jet lag

• a dynamic rhythm

Answer explanation

According to the sleep deprivation theory, lack of sleep can lead to a number of unpleasant consequences. Which one of the following is not one of them?

• Rapid and disrupting eye movements

• Staring off into space

• Inability to do simple tasks

• Concentration problems

Answer explanation

Sleep deprivation, or loss of sleep, is a serious problem, which many people have without realizing it. Students, for example, may stay up all night to study for an important test the next day. In doing so, they will lose more information than they gain, as a good night’s sleep is important for memory and the ability to think well. to Learning Objective PIA.5. Even a few nights of poor sleep have serious consequences for mental and physical functioning. Some typical symptoms of sleep deprivation include trembling hands, inattention, staring off into space, droopy eyelids, and general discomfort

Brain waves that indicate a state of light sleep or relaxation are

• beta waves

• delta waves

• alpha waves

• theta waves

Answer explanation

In which stage of sleep is a person likely to experience visual events called hypnogogic images, or hallucinations?

• N1

• N2

• N3

• R

Answer explanation

A 4-year-old is suffering from persistent nightmares. The doctor tells her mother that children tend to have more nightmares than adults. What is the possible cause for this?

• Children spend most of their sleep in the REM stage.

• Children tend to skip the REM sleep stage.

• Children experience sleep spindles while sleeping.

• Children have an irregular N3 stage of sleep.

Answer explanation

Children tend to have more nightmares than adults do because they spend more of their sleep in the REM sleep state, as discussed earlier. As they age, they have fewer nightmares because they have less opportunity to have them. But some people still suffer from nightmares as adults.