Letter from Birmingham Jail

a form of protest in which demonstrators occupy a place, refusing to leave until their demands are met.

• sit-in

• petition

• march

• boycott

withdraw from commercial or social relations with (a country, organization, or person) as a punishment or protest.

• sit-in

• freedom ride

• voter registration

• boycott

the use of strikes, demonstrations, or other public forms of protest rather than negotiation to achieve one's demands.

• boycotts

• direct action

• lawsuits

• petitions

the refusal to comply with certain laws or to pay taxes and fines, as a peaceful form of political protest.

• civil disobedience

• riot

• lawsuits

• march

the existing state of affairs, especially regarding social or political issues.

• progress

• revolution

• status quo

• backslide

a person who takes a position in the political center. centrist, middle-of-the-roader, not extreme

• radical

• moderate

• indifferent

• extremist

African American children and young adults joined their elders in the Birmingham Campaign in an attempt to overturn the city's harsh segregation laws and practices through sit-ins, boycotts, and marches.

• March on Washington

• Freedom Summer

• Project-C

• Montgomery Bus Boycott

The Birmingham campaign was an American movement organized in early 1963 by ______________ to bring attention to the integration efforts of African Americans in Birmingham, Alabama.

• Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)

• Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)

• National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

• Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)

Led by _____________, James Bevel, Fred Shuttlesworth and others, the campaign of nonviolent direct action culminated in widely publicized confrontations between young black students and white civic authorities, and eventually led the municipal government to change the city's discrimination laws.

• Malcolm X

• John Lewis

• Rosa Parks

• Martin Luther King

When the campaign ran low on adult volunteers, _____________ thought of the idea of having students become the main demonstrators in the Birmingham campaign. He then trained and directed high school, college, and elementary school students in nonviolence, and asked them to participate in the demonstrations by taking a peaceful walk 50 at a time from the 16th Street Baptist Church to City Hall in order to talk to the mayor about segregation. This resulted in over a thousand arrests.

• Martin Luther King

• Fred Shuttlesworth

• Ralph Abernathy

• James Bevel