IB Psychology - Cognitive Approach Quiz

The AIM of this key study by ________________, was to see how short-term and long-term memory influences the primary and recency effects.

• Peterson and Peterson, 1959

• Sparrow, et al., 2001

• Glanzer & Cunitz, 1966

• Loftus and Pickrell, 1995

Answer explanation

A common method used to investigate memory is using free recall. This is when participants are exposed to a list of words (e.g. listening to a tape recording of words read out) and they are then asked to write down in any order (free) as many words as they can remember (recall). Using this method, researchers detected a pattern: participants can remember words better when they appear at the beginning of a list and at the end of a list. This has been dubbed the serial position effect (aka the primacy and recency effects).

The AIM of this key study by ___________, is to see if false memories of an event that never happened could be implanted using misinformation.

• Glanzer & Cunitz, 1966

• Loftus and Pickrell, 1995

• Cohen, 1981

• Luethi and Sandi, 2009

One aim of this experiment by ________, was to test the effects of prior knowledge on the processing of new information.

• Kahneman and Tversky, 1974

• Bechara, et al., 2000

• Cohen, 1981

• Bransford and Johnson, 1972

Answer explanation

In this study, 96 college students watched a video of a woman having dinner in a restaurant with her husband. Half of the participants were told she was a librarian and the other half she was a waitress. After watching the video they were asked to recollect details of the video. The results showed that participants were more likely to remember schema-consistent information. For example, the waitress condition increased memory of the fact she’d spent the day reading and she liked classical music, whereas those in the waitress condition were more likely to remember she was drinking a beer and eating a hamburger.

This diagram depicts the Working Memory Model, that was proposed by _______?

• Baddeley and Hitch

• Loftus and Palmer

• Piaget and Vygotsky

• Luethi and Sandi

Answer explanation

The model refers to the part of the memory that you use when working on a complex task that requires you to store and remember information as you go.

Baddely and Hitch proposed the Working Memory Model in 1974 as an alternative to the Multi-Store Model of Memory (MSM), as they thought the MSM was too simplistic and didn't think that the idea of the STM being a unitary store was correct.

This model attempts to describe two distinct types of processing information and how they can influence decision making.

• Working Memory Model

• Multi-store Model of Memory

• Dual Processing Model of thinking and decision making

Answer explanation

According to dual-process theories, moral judgments are the result of two competing processes: a fast, automatic, affect-driven process and a slow, deliberative, reason-based process. Accordingly, these models make clear and testable predictions about the influence of each system.

The AIM of this key study was to investigate whether the use of leading questions can create false memories.

• Sparrow, et al., 2001

• Peterson and Peterson, 1959

• Loftus and Palmer, 1974

• Stone, et al., 2010

Answer explanation

Participants watched videos of traffic accidents and had to answer questions about them. In the first condition, participants were asked to estimate the speed of the cars based on a leading question: "how fast were the cars going when they smashed into each other?" The word "smash" was replaced with "hit" for the second condition. They found out that speed estimates were higher from the group who heard "smash" than those who heard "hit". They concluded that leading questions affect recall; different words used influence our mental representation of a situation.

Which definition best describes the term 'Schema'?

• A process of memory involving the transfer of information to internal mental structures.

• A reflection of an object or an event in the mind.

• A mental representation that influences our knowledge, beliefs and expectations.

• A sequence of actions or events.

The small amount of information that can be held in the mind and used in the execution of cognitive tasks.

• Schema

• Working memory

• Long term memory

• Dual processing model

The AIM of this study tested the effects of anxiety on working memory.

• Kahneman and Tversky, 1974

• Vytal et al., 2013

• Mueller and Oppenheimer, 2014

• Sparrow, et al., 2001

Answer explanation

The study concluded that increased anxiety can negatively affect cognition, ad anxiety might have a larger effect on cognition in easier tasks and less in hard tasks.

The AIM of this study by ___________, was to investigate if external memory stores (e.g. the internet) affect memory.

• Piaget and Vygotsky

• Sparrow et al., 2011

• Luethi and Sandi, 2009

• Stone et al., 2010

Answer explanation