Epidemiology/Stats Review

Which historical figure analyzed mortality data from the Crimean War?

• Florence Nightingale

• John Snow

• Joseph Lister

• Austin Bradford-Hill

Which historical figure pioneered the use of clinical trials to show causal relationships?

• Florence Nightingale

• John Snow

• Joseph Lister

• Austin Bradford-Hill

Which historical figure discovered that phenol could be used as an antiseptic in a hospital environment?

• Florence Nightingale

• John Snow

• Joseph Lister

• Austin Bradford-Hill

Which historical figure showed that cholera was caused by a pathogen that spread via fecal-oral transmission?

• Florence Nightingale

• John Snow

• Joseph Lister

• Austin Bradford-Hill

In a prospective study, you would determine whether patients...

• develop a disease in the future

• have a disease at the present moment

• developed a disease in the past

• respond effectively to an experimental treatment

A cohort study...

• begins with a group that is exposed to risk factors, then looks at whether they develop a disease

• uses a 'snapshot in time' to find associations between exposure and disease

• starts with a disease group and a group without the disease and tries to find risk factors

• involves administering novel pharmaceuticals to patients to determine safety and efficacy

A clinical trial...

• begins with a group that is exposed to risk factors, then looks at whether they develop a disease

• uses a 'snapshot in time' to find associations between exposure and disease

• starts with a disease group and a group without the disease and tries to find risk factors

• involves administering novel pharmaceuticals to patients to determine safety and efficacy

A cross-sectional study...

• begins with a group that is exposed to risk factors, then looks at whether they develop a disease

• uses a 'snapshot in time' to find associations between exposure and disease

• starts with a disease group and a group without the disease and tries to find risk factors

• involves administering novel pharmaceuticals to patients to determine safety and efficacy

A case-control study...

• begins with a group that is exposed to risk factors, then looks at whether they develop a disease

• uses a 'snapshot in time' to find associations between exposure and disease

• starts with a disease group and a group without the disease and tries to find risk factors

• involves administering novel pharmaceuticals to patients to determine safety and efficacy

Which clinical trial phase is INCORRECTLY matched?

• Phase 1 - ensuring safety and monitoring adverse events such as heart attack

• Phase 2 - determining best effective dosage

• Phase 3 - determining safety + effectiveness in a very wide range of patients

• Phase 4 - creating new, but similar medicines based on the compound that was just approved