The process that breaks down organic substrates, releasing energy that can be used to synthesize ATP or other high-energy compounds, is __________.

• catabolism

• anabolism

• metabolism

• oxidation

Levels of which endocrine hormone are high during the postabsorptive state?

• glucagon

• insulin

• growth hormone

• androgens and estrogens

The basal metabolic rate (BMR) is __________.

• the minimum resting energy of an awake, alert person

• measured by monitoring respiratory activity

• 70 cal/hr or 1680 cal/day in the average individual

• all of the listed responses

Excess cholesterol leaves somatic cells and is absorbed by __________, which then transport the cholesterol back to the liver.

• HDLs

• chylomicrons

• VLDLs

• LDLs

Which of the following enables infants to produce or conserve heat?

• lipolysis of brown fat

• shivering

• maintenance of a constant metabolic rate

• small surface area compared to volume

All the chemical reactions that occur in an organism are called __________.

• metabolism

• energetics

• cellular respiration

• oxidation

In terms of the movement of electrons, the gain of electrons is called reduction, whereas the loss is called __________.

• oxidation

• anabolism

• metabolism

• catabolism

For each glucose molecule converted to two pyruvates, the anaerobic reaction sequence in glycolysis provides a net gain of __________.

• 2 ATP for the cell

• 4 ATP for the cell

• 36 ATP for the cell

• 38 ATP for the cell

Why are minerals, vitamins, and water classified as essential nutrients?

• The body cannot synthesize the nutrients in sufficient quantities.

• They are used by the body in large quantities.

• They are the major providers of calories for the body.

• All of the listed responses are correct.

A person who consumes very low amounts of vitamin C over a long period of time is at risk for developing __________.

• scurvy

• itching and tingling

• polycythemia

• hypotension