Text Structures & Broad to Narrow

Since the mid-1600s, the magnificent white marble walls of India's Taj Mahal have welcomed tourists hoping to visit the mausoleum. Recently, however, the white marble has started turning green, thanks to insects that leave patches of their waste on the structure. The insects, known as Goeldichironomus, are usually eaten by fish in the nearby Yamuna River. However, because drought and water pollution have decimated the fish that once lived in the Yamuna, the insect population has exploded.

CAUSE AND EFFECT

Many of the Yamuna River fish have died:

• Insects are Multiplying

• The river is turning green

The respiratory system is composed of airways, lungs, blood vessels, and muscles working together to supply oxygen to all parts of your body. The diaphragm, a muscle located beneath the lungs, plays an important role. When you inhale, the diaphragm squeezes, or contracts, and moves downward. As a consequence, there is more room for the lungs to expand as they fill with air. When you exhale, the diaphragm relaxes and moves upward, which leads to air being pushed out of the lungs.

Cause & Effect

The diaphragm contracts and moves downward

• Air moves into the lungs

• Air moves out of the lungs

The respiratory system is composed of airways, lungs, blood vessels, and muscles working together to supply oxygen to all parts of your body. The diaphragm, a muscle located beneath the lungs, plays an important role. When you inhale, the diaphragm squeezes, or contracts, and moves downward. As a consequence, there is more room for the lungs to expand as they fill with air. When you exhale, the diaphragm relaxes and moves upward, which leads to air being pushed out of the lungs.

Cause & Effect

The diaphragm relaxes and moves upwards

• Air moves into the lungs

• Air moves out of the lungs

Order the topics from broadest to narrowest:

1. Skills needed to operate a passenger jet

2. Skills needed to operate an aircraft

3. Skills needed to land a passenger jet

• 1,2,3

• 2,1,3

• 3,2,1

• 3,1,2

Order the topics from general to specific:

1. Lake

2. Body of Water

3. Lake Michigan

• 2,1,3

• 3,1,2

• 2,3,1

Order the topics from broadest to narrowest:

1. The Russian Revolution and George Orwell's Animal Farm

2. Similarities between the character Napolean and Russian dictator Stalin

3. Political themes in English literature

4. political themes in George Orwell's Animal Farm

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Answer explanation

A topic is the subject or principal focus of your writing. The scope of a topic is the range of ideas that the topic covers. A topic with a broader scope is more general and covers a wider range of ideas. A topic with a narrower scope is more specific and covers a more limited range of ideas.

Topic 1: plays written by William Shakespeare

Topic 2: Romeo and Juliet

Romeo and Juliet is a specific play written by William Shakespeare, so Topic 2 has a narrower scope.

Topics can be broad or narrow in scope, but narrow topics are generally easier to develop fully in your writing because they are more focused.

Topics become narrower when you limit yourself to a particular aspect of the topic, such as a more specific time period, place, or group of people.

A topic with a broader scope is ?

• More General

• More Specific

A topic with a Narrower scope is ?

• More specific

• More general

Which of these has the broadest scope?

1. Fishing in Great Lakes

2. Fishing in Lake Superior

3. Fishing for trout in Lake Superior

• 1

• 2

• 3

Which of these has the narrowest scope?

1. Fishing in Great Lakes

2. Fishing in Lake Superior

3. Fishing for trout in Lake Superior

• 1

• 2

• 3