krok 8

A medical student studies a waste disposal system in human epithelial cells. During electronic microscopy he reveals the spherical vesicles, surrounded by a membrane and containing many different hydrolytic enzymes. The main function of these organelles is to provide intracellular digestion and protective reactions of the cell. Which of the following organelles is mentioned above?

• Ribosomes

• Mitochondria

• Lysosomes

• Centrosomes

A researcher is investigating the relationship between inflammatory mediators. He performs an experiment, investigating the effect of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) on patients with high-grade fever. His research indicates that certain NSAIDs act as competitively reversible inhibitors of the cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes. It is known that COX catalyzes the formation of prostaglandins from a certain molecule that itself is derived from the cellular phospholipid bilayer by phospholipase A2. Which of the following molecules is a precursor of an inflammatory mediators mentioned above?

• Arachidonic acid

• Proopiomelanocortin

• Palmitic acid

• Tyrosine

A 21-year-old woman who is a medical student is undergoing evaluation after sticking herself with a needle while drawing blood from a patient. In this case a medical professional is at high risk of getting a blood-transmitted infection. Which of the following diseases is least likely to be transmitted via blood?

• HCV

• HBV

• SLE

• AIDS

A 38-year-old woman, who was diagnosed with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) 3 years ago, comes to her physician with a complaint of facial swelling and decreased urination that she first noticed 2 weeks ago. She currently takes azathioprine and a corticosteroid. Her vital signs show blood pressure - 150/90 mm Hg, pulse - 91/min., temperature - 36.8°С and respiratory rate - 15/min. On physical examination, the doctor notices erythematous rash on her face exhibiting a butterfly pattern. The laboratory studies reveal hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia and proteinuria. Which of the following is the most likely mechanism of SLE’s complication in this patient?

• Acute infection of the kidney

• Increased plasma oncotic pressure

• Decrease in renal blood flow (ischemic nephropathy)

• Immune complex-mediated glomerular disease

A 12-year-old boy presents with progressive clumsiness and difficulty walking. He walks "like a drunken-man" and has experienced frequent falls. His muscle tone and strength in all 4 limbs are slightly decreased. When he is asked to stand with his eyes closed and with both feet close together, he sways from side to side, unable to stand still. Which of the following brain regions is most likely affected and caused the symptoms described above?

• Reticular formation

• Right hemisphere

• Red nucleus

• Cerebellum

72-year-old female patient suffers from a long-standing heart failure. She presents to the hospital with a cough and dyspnea on exertion for 1 week. Her symptoms worsen at night and she has noticed that her sputum is pink and frothy. Chest auscultation reveals bilateral line crepitations over the lung bases. The physician prescribes a drug that reduces preload. Which of the following is the most likely drug prescribed by the physician?

• Clopamide

• Furosemide

• Spironolactone

• Triamterene

A 54-year-old woman had a total thyroidectomy lor papillary thyroid carcinoma. 11 hours after operation she complained of tingling around her mouth. On physical examination, the Trousseau's sign and Chvostek's sign are present. Her condition rapidly deteriorates with laryngospasm and focal seizures. The surgeon suspects surgical destruction of the parathyroid glands. What is the most likely cause of this patient's neurological condition?

• Hypocalcemia

• Hyponatremia

• Hyperkalemia

• Hypophosphatemia

A 65-year-old woman was brought into the emergency departmnent because of shortness of breath and chest pain that started a few hours ago. She denied having fever, expectoration, or any accompanying symptoms. She had a 5-year-long history of deep vein thrombosis in her thin. After a time, she died of respiratory distress. Autopsy reveals red loose masses lodged in the bifurcation of the pulmonary trunk with extensions into both the left and the right pulmonary arteries. Whnt is the most likely diagnosis?

• Thromboembolism

• Myocardial infarction

• Pneumothorax

• Pneumonia

A 50-year-old woman complains of constant thirst. She drinks large amounts of liquid and has increased diuresis. Her blood glucose is 12 mmol/L. Her urine contains glucose. What endocrine organ is likely to be functionally impaired in this patient?

• Adrenal glands

• Thyroid gland

• Neurohypophysis

• Pancreas

A man has signs of acute respiratory viral disease. His physician referred him for microbiological testing. A mucus smear obtained trom the patient’s tonsils contains spherical microorganisins arranged in short chains. The patient was diagnosed with tonsillitis. What microorganisms were detected in the smear from the patient's tonsils?

• Staphylococci

• Diplococci

• Micrococci

• Streptocci