Cancer

What is the difference between a proto-oncogene and an oncogene?

• Proto-oncogenes are genes with the potential to cause cancer if a mutation arises (turning them into an oncogene)

• Proto-oncogenes are cancer causing genes that are recessive. Oncogenes are cancer causing genes that are dominant.

• Proto-oncogenes undergo homologous recombination to 'infect' other genes with cancer-causing mutations. Oncogenes do not do this

• Proto-oncogenes cause cancer in non-animal cells. Oncogenes cause cancer in animal cells

On a cellular level, why is cancer harmful?

• It outcompetes other cell types leading to tissue and organ damage

• It over expresses certain compounds leading to degradation of proximal and distal tissue funcitons

• It drastically increases the metabolic load of one's body, causing pathogenic malnutrition

• I don't know

You goof off in lab and you realize that you have been exposing your skin to UV radiation for an hour. After your perform whole exome sequencing on yourself, you discover you now have a 6 nucleotide long deletion in both of your genes that codes for p53. What do you expect to be the outcome?

• Develop cancer because p53 is a proto-oncogene that is now mutated

• Develop cancer because p53 is a tumor suppressor gene that is now mutated

• Unlikely to develop cancer because the mutation will not effect the function of the protein

• Unlikely to develop cancer because only one copy of the gene can be mutated for cancer to occur

EMT describes what process?

• APC mutation

• Metastasis

• TCell mediated destruction of microtumors

• Apoptosis of early cancer cell

Which of the following is a hallmark of tumors that was included in Weinberg & Hanahan (2011) as an update to their 2000 findings?

• Evading Growth Supressors

• Inducing angiogenesis

• Genomic Instability

• Sustaining Proliferative signaling

Why is genomic instability significant?

• Ill give it a shot

• Please.

  I am so tired stop asking us questions

What is transdifferentiation?

• When one cell type dedifferentiates and becomes another cell type

• When one cell type becomes another cell type

• When an iPS cell becomes multiple cell types

• When a dedifferentiated cell reverts back to the original cell type

A doctor is infamous for prescribing antibiotics without true necessity (i.e. prematurely or to appease patients who have a viral infection but who insist they need antibiotics). Interestingly, his patient cohort has a small, but statistically significant increase incidence of colon cancer. Why might this be?

• The antibiotics are strong carcinogens

• The antibiotics kill T Cells that would otherwise destroy nasent cancer cells

• The antibiotics are genomically active and inhibit the function of APC

• The antibiotics drastically change the gut microbiome, allowing some patients to develop microbiomes conducive to cancers.

You are a researcher trying to create a new squamous cell carcinoma drug (a type of skin cancer). What might be a molecular approach you investigate?

• Increasing the rate of cellular replication to induce more, potentially unsustainable mutations

• Promoting expression of E-cadherin

• Induce temporary replicative senescence

• Cause nuclear delamination by inducing destruction of intermediate filiments